jazz test 1

Scott Joplin

piano, composer; known for his ragtime compositions/operas; "King of Ragtime", "Maple Leaf Rag", trained in European music

James Reese Europe

bandleader, pianist arranger, composer; founded Clef Club Orchestra; known for his compositions of dance music (Vernon and Irene Castle), early big band swing

Louis Armstrong's Hot Five and Sevens

A series of recordings done by Louis Armstrong and a group of other musicians down at OKeh Records 1925-1930

Jelly Roll Morton

Piano, the first jazz composer/arranger, band: Red Hot Peppers, known for improv and swing 8th note style, EARLY New Orleans jazz, "King Porter Stomp", ragtime+minstrel w/jazz

Louis Armstrong

Trumpet; Known for his immense contributions as a soloist, scat, extroverted style, swinging, Joe Glaser manager, known as Satchel Mouth, influenced trumpet soloists

Sidney Bechet

clarinet, soprano saxophone, composer; One of the first significant soloists, wide vibrato and bent/scooped notes

W.C. Handy (William Christopher)

Composer, Trumpet; Influential songwriter and first to publish blues sheet music; referred to himself as the "Father of the Blues", urban blues

Frankie Trumbauer

C-melody Saxophone, bandleader; Played with Bix Beiderbecke and later Paul Whiteman

James P. Johnson

stride piano, composer; Key figure in the development of jazz through pioneering stride; Created 55 piano rolls, "Carolina Shout", taught Fats Waller

Meade Lux Lewis

Boogie Woogie piano "Honky Tonk Train Blues", composer; Father of Boogie Woogie

Fletcher Henderson

bandleader; Helped establish the swing formula; brought Louis Armstrong from Chicago to New York 1924, doctored stock arrangements, sold arrangements to Benny Goodman, led dance band at Roseland Ballroom

Duke Ellington

Piano, composer, bandleader; Known for his appearances at the Cotton Club in Harlem and his 3 minute record compositions, used band members as his palette of colors, voicing across sections, Blanton-Webster Band, jungle mood concerto extended and dance categories of work

Jimmy Blanton

Bass; Known for his bass solos; Played with Duke Ellington in first recorded piano-bass duet. Part of Ellington's Blanton-Webster era

Coleman Hawkins

tenor saxophone; one of the first prominent tenor saxophonists, robust swing jazz, "Body and Soul"

Count Basie

Piano, bandleader; Formed the Count Basie orchestra; Created many new innovations such as the the emphasis of the Rhythm section (All American Rhythm Section), hits w/Decca record company, "One O'Clock Jump", part of Blue Devils, comping piano

Ben Webster

Tenor saxophone; Soloist for the Duke Ellington Orchestra. Played in Ellington's Blanton-Webster era, "an alto approach to the tenor", known for interpretation of ballads, wide vibrato

Buddy Bolden

Cornet; first known jazz cornetist; After an incident of psychosis in 1907, spent the rest of his life in a mental institute.

Original Dixieland Jazz Band

Known for making some of the first jazz recordings in early 1917; Known of "Tiger Rag", LaRocca (cornetist) led, danceable, long-short 8th notes, white band

Original Creole Jazz Band

First New Orleans jazz band to tour outside of the South. Founded by Bill Johnson and Freddie Keppard, King Oliver was part of it (1920s)

Baby Dodds

drums; Regarded as best pre-big band jazz drummer; Played in Armstrong's Hot Five and Hot Seven groups

King Oliver

trumpet, bandleader; Pioneering of the usage of mutes; Mentor and teacher of Louis Armstrong, Oliver's Creole Jazz Band, master of tonal manipulation

Jelly Roll Morton and his Red Hot Peppers

Recording Jazz Band led by Jelly Roll Morton; Known for "Black Bottom Stomp", loose rhythmic feel

Bix Beiderbecke

Cornet, piano, composer; First recorded with "The Wolverines" from the Midwest; Known for his records with Jean Goldkette and Paul Whiteman; Alcoholic, died at age 28, played with Frankie Trumbauer, extended harmonies, introverted playing, on the beat, European impressionist style

Paul Whiteman/Aeolian Hall Concert

Bandleader, composer, viola; Played a concert that successfully brought Jazz to the mainstream, "King of Jazz", Grofe arranged for him, symphonic jazz, "make a lady out of jazz", An Experiment in Modern Music Concert

Fats Waller

Piano, composer; Known for innovations in stride style and laid the foundation for modern jazz piano, Johnson's protege, recorded piano rolls

Art Tatum

Piano; Regarded as an extraordinary pianist and had great influence over stride as well as jazz as a whole, reharmonized pop songs (Tiger Rag), right hand double time lines

Don Redman

Arranger; Worked as the arranger for the Fletcher Henderson orchestra.

Bubber Miley

Trumpet; Trumpet player for the Duke Ellington orchestra; Known for his usage of mute and growl, mastery of jungle sound era of Ellington,

Billy Strayhorn

composer, arranger for the Duke Ellington orchestra; largely uncredited for much of his work, Duke's "Alter Ego"

Charlie Christian

guitar; renowned guitar soloist; played in the Benny Goodman Sextet and Orchestra (polished arrangements)

Lester Young

tenor saxophone; came to prominence while a member of Count Basie's Orchestra, "Prez" (president of sax), empty space in solos, unique timbre, "Lester Leaps In"

Benny Goodman

clarinet, bandleader; known as the "King of Swing"; founder of one of the most popular music groups in the US; led one of the first integrated jazz groups, strong swing, polished arrangements

Barney Bigard

Clarinet, played with Ellington for 15 years

Tricky Sam Nanton

Trombone, famous for his expert use of the plunger mute. Played with Ellington.

Cootie Williams

Trumpet, replaced Bubber Miley after his disappearance. Started the plunger mute tradition in Ellington's band

Call and Response

a song style in which a singer or musician leads with a call and a group responds

Cross Rhythms

independent rhythms played at the same time, central rhythm established by lead drummer

Unison singing

singing all together

group participation

music being a group effort rather than a strictly solo performance

the big three

elasticity (the ability to improvise upon a melody), pitch inflection (bending, the usage of blue notes - the 3rd and 7th in the scale), and tonal manipulation (course-sounding vocal timbre, changing the timbre/sound of an instrument, i.e. a trumpet using a mute/plunger)

work songs

communal songs that synchronized the rhythm of work, sometimes lead by a call and response

field holler

notes of indeterminate pitch shouted/sung in free time

how is a greater emphasis on syncopation important to jazz?

rhythmic elasticity is built entirely upon syncopation (it's much harder to improvise a melody if you're trying to keep to the rhythm)

Ostinato

a continually repeated musical phrase or rhythm

ragtime

A type of music featuring syncopated melodies with shifting accents over a steady, marching-band beat; primarily piano-based; originated among black musicians in the south and midwest in the 1880s

minstrelsy

important to jazz history because of black minstrel troupes using these stages to write and perform their music

spirituals

Religious folk songs that blended biblical themes with the realities of slavery

early blues

originated from the work songs, field hollers and spirituals of early african Americans, but with a greater focus on personal relationships

ring shout

Religious dance of African American slaves, performed with hand clapping and a shuffle step to spirituals.

Why did Jazz develop in New Orleans?

the existence of storyville, a red light district where prostitution and gambling were legal, where black musicians were able to find work due to the relatively open attitude toward race in the area

How did Creole culture influence jazz?

the mixing of creoles and african-americans due to jim crow laws leading to early jazz musicians learning to read music and play better instruments, as those were primary musical characteristics creoles upheld

How did early brass bands and marches influence jazz?

the ragtime styling came from trying to imitate brass bands on piano without actually having a brass band

stop time

when the rest of the band stops to allow for one member to solo

role of bassist

keep time by playing consistently and in a way that outlines chord progressions, create rhythmic drive

role of pianist

provide harmonic framework by playing chords, give accompaniment to a soloist, and improvise rhythms/chord voicings

role of drummer

establish beat, provide accents and color, supply excitement/drive by way of how intense the drummer is playing

what was the new orleans (early jazz) style defined by?

• collective improvisation

• carefree and relaxed-feeling rhythms

• brass/military band tradition and instrumentation, use of string instruments

• ragtime and blues influence

• use of blue notes/growls/loose melody lines/embellishment combined with improvisation

• emphasizing on the offbeat

• uneven playing of eighth notes

(just try and get most of these)

-liberal attitude toward pleasure and self-indulgence

-storyville

-ODJB

-Budy Bolden, King Oliver, Sidney Bechet

what was the chicago style of jazz defined by?

• change in instrumentation (saxophone became more prominent and interchangeable with clarinet, string bass replaces tuba, trumpet replaces cornet, banjo disappears and piano is primary rhythm section)

• groups relied more on written music

• more adventurous improvisation

• stop-time breaks

• solo improv becomes more common than collective

• more frantic rhythmic feel

• drum style gains more swing

• modern drum set begins to evolve

(just try and get most of these)

-King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band

-solo improvisation

-saxophone becomes standard (swaps out clarinet)

-piano=rhythm section

-drums are more cymbal oriented

-Austin High Gang

what was the early big band era defined by?

• preferred a larger ensemble

• emphasis on arrangements written for each player, occasional solos

• saxophones (alto, tenor, baritone)

• bass replaces tuba

• banjo is killed or replaced by guitar

• drummer has larger role, more varied use of cymbals

• little to no collective improvisation

• smoother, looser rhythmic feel

• musicians must be more proficient and able to read music

(just try and get most of these)

-syncopation

what were duke ellington's 5 compositional styles? what are their characteristics?

• jungle: muted, mysterious, atmospheric cuts, growls, African-American exotic flavor, slow tempo

• mood: intended to capture a specific mood or setting, dissonant harmony, less solos

• concerto: intended to feature a specific band member, cooperatively written

• extended works: pieces longer than the traditional 3-minute record

• dance: intended for dancing, big band repertoire

what is the evolution timeline of the jazz piano style?

ragtime (syncopation, piano rolls, left hand alternates bass notes with midregister chords, oompah rhythm, band march form)-> stride (roots in ragtime, Harlem, improvising, left hand incorporating walking 10ths, right hand played melody, swing) -> boogie woogie (South, midwest, Honkey Tonk, repetitive left-hand patterns, right hand improv blues riffs)