BIOL 112 Final Practice Questions

(EX 1).MRSA stands for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. In our lifetime - within the last 20 years - this bacterial strain (specifically USA300) has mutated the ability to be resistant to VERY powerful antibiotics - methicilin for instance. The fact that his bacterial strain is here and arrived relatively recently is an indicator of:

Direct observation of evolution

(EX 1).\______________ are potentially expressed within a pre-mRNA, \________________ sequence wheras \___________ are removed from the pre-mRNA sequence prior to translation of the mRNA transcript.

Exons; eukaryotic; introns

(EX 1).In a certainly randomlly mating population of peacocks, the male has very long tail feathers intended to be a secondary sexual characteristic differentiating his phenotype from the female peacock's phenotype. the males typically do not fight and the females decide which males are allowed to breed. this is an example of:

sexual dimorphsm; intersexual selection

(EX 1).in general genes that play a role in the embryological spatial position of segmetns and appendages within the embryo are categorically \________ genes

hox

(EX. 1)(image of phylogenetic tree with one branch breaking into 4 species (polytomy), the 4 branches are circled);
What does the circled part of the phylogenetic tree above indicate at that time - NOT prior to?

an adaptive radiation and rapid speciation

(EX 1). Endosymbiosis is an evolutionary theory that explains the origin of eukaryotes adn suggests a specific order in which this might have occurred. ancestral cells engulfed and then began to use the metabolic processes of the smaller cells. based on shared core processes and features, which statement most accurately describes the order, the theory, adn the evolutionary implications for all organims with domain eukarya?

As Earth was becoming more aerobic, mitochondria would have provided an advantage to host cells by converting "toxic" oxygen into energy for heterotrophic cells. Since mitochondria are found in all eukaryotes, these combinations likely evolved first. Photosynthetic eukaryotes probably acquired an autotrophic prokaryote, which developed an advantageous symbiotic relationship with the host cell.

(EX 1).Giardia intestinalis can cause disease in several different mammalian species, including humans. Giardia organisms (G. intestinalis) that infect humans are similar morphologically to those that infect other mammals; thus they have been considered a single species. However, G. intestinalis has been divided into different subgroups based on their host and a few other characteristics.

In 1999, a DNA sequence comparison study tested the hypothesis that these subgroups actually constitute different species. The following phylogenetic tree was constructed from the sequence comparison of rRNA from several subgroups of G. intestinalis and a few other morphologically distinct species of Giardia. The researchers concluded that the subgroups of Giardia are sufficiently different from one another genetically that they could be considered different species. (T. Monis et al. 1999. Molecular systematics of the parasitic protozoan Giardia intestinalis. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16[9]:1135-44.)

According to the phylogenetic tree in the figure above, G. intestinalis constitutes a \______________ grouping or a group

paraphyletic

(EX 1). Genetic mutations can be...

beneficial to an organism (an increase in overall fitness) and potential to a group of organisms

detrimental to an organism (a decrease in overall fitness) and potentially to a group of organism.

neutral to an organism (neither an increase nor a decrease in overall fitness) and potentially to a group of organisms.

(EX 1) After the drought of 1977, researchers on the island of Daphne Major hypothesized that medium ground finches that had large, deep beaks, survived better than those with smaller beaks because they could more easily crack and eat the tough Tribulus cistoides fruits. If this hypothesis is correct, what would you expect to observe if a population of these medium ground finches colonizes a nearby island where Tribulus cistoides is the most abundant food for the next 1000 years? Assume that (1) even the survivors of the 1977 drought sometimes had difficulty cracking the tough T. cistoides fruits and would eat other seeds when offered a choice; and (2) food availability is the primary limit on finch fitness on this new island.

evolution of yet larger, deeper beaks over time

(EX 1). Parasitic species tend to have simple morphologies - parasitic forms that are not overly complicated. Which of the following statements best explains this observation?

simple morphologies convey similar advantages in most parasites

(EX 1). genetic variation

must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population

(EX 1).An earthquake decimates a ground-squirrel population, killing 98% of the squirrels. The surviving population happens to have broader stripes than the initial population. If broadness of stripes is genetically determined, what effect has the ground-squirrel population experiences during the earthquake?

a genetic bottleneck and directional selection

(EX 1).In a certain randomly-mating population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of the dominant allele is .6. What percentage of the population does not express the dominant allele?

0.16

(EX 1).In a certain randomly-mating population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the homozygous recessive individuals constitute 64% of the population. What frequency of the dominant allele?

0.2

(EX 1).In population "X", there are currently 20 individuals of species "Y". 10 of the species "Y" members are heterozygotes, 7 are homozygous dominant and 3 are homozygous recessive. For population "X" at this time, what is the frequency of the dominant allele of/for species "Y"?

0.6

(EX 1).Three spined stickleback fish show substantial heritable variation in gill-raker length related to differences in their diets. Longer gill rakers appear to function better for capturing open-water prey, while shorter gill rakers function better for capturing shallow water prey. Which of the following types of selection is most likely to be found in a large lake (open water in the middle and shallow water around the sides) with a high density of these fish?

disruptive selection

(EX 1).Islands make for great "biological laboratories" because

The starting genetics of each island can be very different

The environments of on each of the islands can be very different

Adaptive radiation events can be more pronounced and or prevalent given that new niches may be inhabited by novel species.

(EX 1).Put the following events in sequential order in terms of the interaction of living organisms with the natural world and the evolution of those organisms

I. Genetic variation/individuals vary/ environmental stressors
II. There are too many individuals in a population for all members to survive
III. Certain individuals have greater reproductive success based on environmental stimuli
IV. Natural selection
V. An overall evolution of the organism over time
VI. Descent with modification

I, II, III, IV, VI, V

(EX 1).Three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have courtship songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact?

a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism

(EX 1).The production of STERILE MULES by interbreeding between female horses and male donkeys is an example of \___________

reduced hybrid fertility

(EX 1).In an instance of sympatric, allopolyploid speciation, species "A" is a 2N of 10 and species "B" is a 2N of 14. The new species, species "C" (the hybrid of "A" and "B"), has a diploid number of

24

(EX 1).Beetle pollinators of a particular plant are attracted to its flowers' bright orange color. The beetles not only pollinate the flowers, but they mate while inside of the flowers. A mutant version of the plant with red flowers becomes more common with the passage of time. A particular variant of the beetle prefers the red flowers to the orange flowers. Over time, these two beetle variants diverge from each other to such an extent that interbreeding is no longer possible. What kind of speciation has occurred in this example, and what has driven it?

sympatric speciation; habitat differentiation

(EX 1).What is thought to be the correct sequence of events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on Earth?

origin of cyanobacteria (primitive prokaryotes)
origin of mitochondria
origin of chloroplasts
origin of multicellular eukaryotes
origin of fungal-plant symbioses

(EX 1).Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the origin of life?

synthesis of organic monomers

synthesis of organic polymers

formation of protobionts with RNA-based systems

formation of DNA-based genetic systems

(EX 1).The "Oxygen Revolution" of 2.7 to 2.3 billion years ago caused the extinction of many prokaryote obligate \_____________ because those prokaryotes \_________ have superoxide dismutase and \__________ enzymes that synthesize H2O2 and break H2O2 down.

anaerobes; did not; catalase

(EX 1).The flagella of a human spermatozoan (made of a microfilaments) and the flagella of a bacterium (made of a non-microfilament "hook, rod and filament") that evolved into existence at very different time points on the "tree of life" are examples of

analgous traits

convergent evolution

(EX 1).Concerning growth in genome size over evolutionary time, which of these is LEAST associated with the others?

orthologous genes

(EX 2/3).flagella are a(n) \___ trait across the living world. and if the flagellum has a "hook, a rod and a filament" then the flagellum is \___. Furthermore, flagella probably evolved from existing proteins to become an alternate structure with a new function- making flagella an example of a(n) \___.

analogous; prokaryotic; exaptation

(EX 2/3).The predatory bacterium, Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus, drills into a prey bacterium and, once inside, digests it. In an attack upon a gram-negative bacterium that has a slimy cell covering, what is the correct sequence of structures penetrated by B. bacteriophorus on its way to the prey's cytoplasm?
1. membrane composed mostly of lipopolysaccharide
2. membrane composed mostly of phospholipids
3. peptidoglycan
4. capsule

4, 1, 3, 2

(EX 2/3).If new genetic variation in the experimental populations arose solely by spontaneous mutations, then the most effective process for subsequently increasing the prevalence of the beneficial mutations in the population in terms of actual bacterial numbers going up quickly over the course of generations is\___.

conjugation

(EX 2/3).if an organism is a chemoautotroph, the it uses \___ as its energy source and \___ as its carbon source.

inorganic chemicals; CO2

(EX 2/3).treponema pallidum and borrelia burgdorferi are pathogic parasites that are found within the group of bacteria referred to as \___.

spirochetes

(EX 2/3).as stated in lecture, this group of bacteria are being genetically engineered to produce more lipids- by transgenically adding (transformation) the genes that aid in lipid biosynthesis- that can be harvested and later used as "biofuels"

cyanobacteria

(EX 2/3).which of the following would not be a potential antibiotic target based on bacterial physiology and the bio-ethics of antibiotic synthesis?

the ETC

(EX 2/3).which of the following are prokaryotic defenses against antibiotics?

Evolution of thicker bacterial capsules and cell walls
Bacteria pumps that remove antibiotics
Evolution of bacterial enzymes that degrade antibiotics

(EX 2/3).Which taxonomic domains have members that potentially have introns in their pre-mRNA sequences (prior to the spliceosome potentially removing the introns and splicing back together the exons)? the book states "introns in genes" but that is unfortunate given the introns are a post-transcriptional sequence (part of the "pre-mRNA sequence").

domain archaea, domain bacteria, and domain eukarya

(EX 2/3).use the diagram (malarial life cycle below), the specific cell that causes liver damage as the rupture out of the liver are called:

merozoites

(EX 2/3).organisms that are categorically mixotrophs can attain nutrition via \___.

photoautotrophic means and chemoheterotrophic means

(EX 2/3).in the paraphyletic grouping referred to as the "protists", the apicomplexans and the \___ are phylogenetically sister taxa.

dinoflagellates

(EX 2/3).via the primary then secondary endosymbiotic events associated with the red algal lineage that began with an ancestral, heterotrophic eukaryote, the resulting group or groups (the descendants) was/were the \___.

stramenopiles and alveolates

(EX 2/3).the cysts of giardia function most like the \___.

endospores of bacteria

(EX 2/3).an algae can (could) contain, possess or be the following (characteristics):
I- pigments for photosynthetic activity
II- eukaryotic
III- multicellular
IV- roots and stems
V- unicellular

I, II, III, V

(EX 2/3).Histones are basic proteins that are embedded in to DNA strands typically as octets (groups of 8). DNA wraps around histones thus facilitating a space conservation mechanism. which taxonomic domains have histones?
I- archaea
II- eukarya
III- bacteria
IV- SAR clade

I and II

(EX 2/3).if I told you that a particular organism/ organelle had a macronucleus, a micronucleus, a contractile vacuole and engaged in conjugation and fission, you would deduce I was referring to a \___.

paramecium

(EX 2/3).chlamydomonas is a chlorophyte that has cup-shaped \___.

chloroplasts

(EX 2/3).the brown algae have an anatomical structure that is consistent with certain botanical species. the holdfast of the brown algae would be analogous to the \___ of a plant.

root system

(EX 2/3).Which two genera have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their
surface proteins thus engaging in an "immune bait and switch"?
1. Plasmodium
2. Trichomonas
3. Paramecium
4. Trypanosoma
5. Entamoeba

1 and 4

(EX 2/3).there are 6 species of entamoebas but only on E. histolytica is pathogenic to humans and other higher vertebrates. E. histolytica causes \___ which is the third leading cause of parasitic deaths among humans- malaria and schistosomiasis being the other two.

amebic dysentary

(EX 2/3).which of the following is not an evolutionarily significant trend associated with the plants?
I- from heterospory to homospory
II- from no xylem and phloem to having xylem and phloem
III- from no seeds to having seeds
IV- from pollen grains to not having pollen grains
V- from no flowers to having flowers

I, IV and VI

(EX 2/3).The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably \_____.

charophytes

(EX 2/3).You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it \_____.

is surrounded by a cuticle to prevent desiccation

(EX 2/3).the phyla lycophyta and monilophyta collectively make up the \____.

seedless vascular plants

(EX 2/3).below is the life cycle of a the moss. the germinating spore of the sporophyte generation initially germinates into a \___ that then shortly thereafter becomes a "bud"

protonemata

(EX 2/3).
a botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. after observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, no pollen, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. this plant is probably most closely related to a \___.

fern

(EX 2/3).What feature of both true mosses and ferns makes it most surprising that they can survive for many generations in dry deserts?

flagellated sperm

(EX 2/3).advantages of having a seed is/are \___.
I- protects the embryo
II- may be dormant for extended periods of time until conditions are favorable for germination
III- transported long distances
IV- provide nutrition for the developing embryo
V- allows for double fertilization

all of them

(EX 2/3).look at the life cycle below. when the pollen grain lands on the ovulate cone, that process is called \___. when the sperm nucleus is transferred throughout the \___ and into the egg, the process is called \___.

pollination; micropyle; fertilization

(EX 2/3).how many chromosomes should be in a tube cell nucleus?

8

(EX 2/3).a botanist discovers a new species of land plant with a dominant sporophyte, chlorophylls a and b, and cell walls made of cellulose. in assigning this plant to a phylum, which of the following, if present, would be LEAST useful?

spores

(EX 2/3).on a flowering plant, the stigma, style, and ovary are collectively referred to as the \___.

carpel

(EX 2/3)digitalin is a plant- derived drug that has AMA approval for usage upon humans. digitalin is a \___.

heart medication

(EX 2/3)monocots have \___ leaf venation patterns and stems that have \___.

parallel; scattered vascular tissue

(EX 2/3)with regards to modern medicine, pathogenicity and pharmacology, it is very important that one understand one fundamental concept. the concept is that researchers will look for and attack enzymes, polymers, and chemicals that the pathogen \______ and that the host \_______.

does have; does not have

(EX 2/3) Which of the following traits do archaea and bacteria share?

1. composition of the cell wall
2. presence of plasma membrane
3. lack of a nuclear envelope
4. identical rRNA sequences

2 and 3

(EX 2/3)all protists are

eukaryotic

(EX 2/3)Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common?

they require water for reproduction

(EX 2/3)archegonia\______

may contain sporophyte embryo post fertilization

(EX 2/3)an organism that produces spores that germinate into protonemata is a

moss

(EX 2/3) phyla that include avascular seedless plants are\___________.
I. hepatophyta
II. Anthocerophyta
III. Anthophyta
IV. Monilophyta
V. Bryophyta

I, II, V

(EX 2/3)gymnosperms and \___________ are phylogenetically sister taxa.

Angiosperms

(EX 2/3)a phage is a \_____ that infects \____________. once the non-bacterial/foreign DNA is introduced, recombination/crossing-over\__________ possible and the entire process or version of horizontal gene transfer is known as \__________________.

virus, bacteria, is, transduction

(EX 2/3)after the terrorism attacks of 9/11/01, washington dc was hit by a bioterorrism attack of \____________ which is caused by \___________ which is a \_________. the terrorist used \_____ on envelopes and sent the pathogenic agent to key government personnel in DC

Anthrax; Bacillus anthracis; Gram +rod; endospores

(EX 2/3)Asexual fission is found in which of the following?
I. mitochondria
II. Paramecium spp.
III. Bacteria
IV. Anthocerophytes
V. hepatophytes
VI. Gymnosperms

I, II, III

(EX 2/3)Kelps are \________ found within the \___________ and are examples of \_____________. kelps can contain the unique pigment known as \_______ and store their carbohydrates as \______

macroalgae; SAR supergroup; borwn algae; fucoxanthin; laminarin

(EX 2/3)algal \__________ are analagous to plant \_____________

blades; leaves

(EX 2/3)ephedra is often times found in diet pills or used as a supplement to help with weight loss because it is a thermogenic as well as being an\_______________ which \_____________________ urine formation. a person can take ephedra, see a decrease in weight but often times in actuality the person is \_________.

osmotic diuretic; increases; dehydradted

(EX 2/3)Which statement is most consistent with the hypothesis that the Cambrian explosion was caused by the rise of predator-prey relationships?

appearance of hard parts in fossils

mutation and duplication of hox genes

(EX 2/3)ergotism of rye is caused by a member of which fungal phylum/clade

ascomycota

(EX 2/3) put these fungal, sexually-derived spore-production processes in order after germination:
I. spore production
II. karyogamy
III. Plasmogamy
IV. hetero-or dikaryotic stage

III, IV, II, I

(EX 2/3)the adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to

an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absoptive nutrition

(EX 2/3)which fungal phylum or phyla, if any, are paraphyletic

zygomycota

(EX 2/3)the tardigrades or "water bears" have evolved a special "dormancy state" in much the same way certain plants have as well. this dormancy state is called

anhydrobiosis

(EX 2/3)The neural tube in higher vertebrate embryos eventually develops into the

central nervous system

(EX 2/3)which morphological trait is an example of convergent evolution in animals according to the phylogeny based on DNA sequence data found in the figure above

segmentation

(EX 2/3)model organims in science labs that are used as a basis for genomic studies that we have discussed this semester in Biol. 112 is/are

C. elegans
N. Crassa

(EX 2/3)Bf1, Otx, and Hox3 are genes that play a major role in the development of the vertebrate

brain

(EX 2/3)what is the driving force for the onset of the basidiomycete fairy ring production

heavy rainfall/soil saturation

(EX 2/3) sponges can produce\___________ which is an anti-cancer and antibiotic compound

cibriostatin

(EX 2/3) a symbiotic relationship between a \__________ or cyanobacteria and a fungus is referred to as a lichen

ascomycete

(EX 2/3) which of the following is not a member of the lophotrocozoan clade

nematoda

(EX 2/3) As you are on the way to Tahiti for a vacation, your plane crash-lands on a previously undiscovered island. You soon find that the island is teeming with unfamiliar organisms; and you, as a student of biology, decide to survey them (with the aid of the Insta-Lab Portable Laboratory you brought along in your suitcase). You select three organisms and observe them in detail, making note of the following:
which organism would you classify as an animal?

hard adn branched, mulicellular, covered in sticky coating

attached to rocky surfaces

traps insects in sticky coating and dissolves them

no mating; releases winged young that fly off and affix to bare rocks

(EX 2/3) below is a picture of janthina janthina a gastropod animal that is unable to move against the water current adn often times they will wash up on the shores of maui beaches. this animal would be categorized as a

plankton, mollusc, and protostome

(EX 2/3)which of the following are forms of asexual reproduction

budding, fragmentation, and fission

(EX 2/3) the osmoregulatory organ found in many invertebrates- especially annelids, arthropods and molluscs - that pump toxins and metabolic wastes out of the organism is called a

metanephridium

(EX 2/3)horshoe crabs use \_____ for gas exchange

hemocyanin

(EX 2/3) gas exchange in spiders is facilitated via "\____________ lungs"

book

(EX 2/3) which structures do sea slugs use to feed on their pray?

radula

(EX 2/3)which insect order or orders, if any, have wings and undergo complete metamorphosis?

coleoptora, lepidoptera (also diptera, hymenoptera, )

(EX 2/3) which insect orders if any do not have wings

archaeognatha and zygentoma

(EX 2/3) all arthropods\_____.
1. undergo complete metamorphose
2. have jointed appendages
3. molt
4. have segmented bodies
5. have an exoskeleton or cuiticle

2, 3, 4, 5