Grammar of words
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164 Terms
Quantifier or Pronoun: I saw a few people
Quantifier
Quantifier or Pronoun: I invited a lot of people, but only a few came
Pronoun
Multiword item
Any combinations of more than 1 word which is the equivalent in meaning to a single word.
E.g. “Fed up”, “With Regards to”, “by and large”, “take a chance”
A complement
a word, phrase, or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a given expression
Object or complement - Receives the action of the verb
Object
Object or complement - Describes or renames the subject or the object
Complement
He is from Italy - object or complement
Complement
He kicked the ball - object or complement
Object
Expressions used before plural nouns to express something about quantity or diversity.
E.g. “A large number of products are available”
Quantifying Phrases
Why use the singular after a quantifying phrase?
Formal written English
When to use “something of something” to express ownership?
To draw attention to what is at the end of the phrase, or for formality
Why do use “the” here?
“The next-door children are annoying”
Because the noun (children) is immediately defined
Why do we use “the” here?
“The pub”, “The airport”, “I play the piano”
It is a fixed expression
When do we change the pronunciation of “the” to an /i/ at the end?
Before a vowel sound
Name the determiners
article, quantifiers, demonstratives (this and that), possessive determiner (pronoun), interrogative determiner (question word), distributive (each, every)
Why use “some” here? -
“Would you like some custard”?
We expect/want a positive response to our offer
Why use “some” here?
Could I have some sugar please?
It’s a request
Why stress the word “some”?
To show restriction (I like some music)
In negative sentences or questions
Instead of an indefinite article to indicate that precise identify is not important (I saw some cat outside)
Why do we use “any” in questions?
To ask about the existence of something
Why do we use “any” after negative forms of the verb?
(e.g. I won’t bring any wine)
To indicate the non-existence of something
When do we stress “any”?
To suggest an unrestricted quantity or choice
“You can take any book”
When do we use “any” as part of the subject of a clause?
To suggest unrestrictedness
“Any ideas what to do?”
Why use “much” here?
“There has been much research in this field”
For formal English
Why do we use “all”, “each” and “every”?
To emphasise completeness
Is “all” collective or individual?
Collective
Are “each” and “every” collective or individual?
Individual
Is “both” individual or collective?
Collective
Is “either” individual or collective?
Individual (but limited to two things)
When do we use “enough”?
To emphasise that a quantity is sufficient for some purpose
When does a quantifier become a pronoun?
When “of” or “of the” is used
What kind of word is “all” below?
“All the teachers are here”
Pre-determiner
What form is the adjective below?
“I have worn out jumper”
Past participle
What are the two rules of thumb for adjective order?
General before specific; opinion before description
Name the type of adverb below:
“It’s a very cold day”
Intensifier
Name the type of adverb below:
“It’s a fairly warm day”
Downtoner
Name some extreme ungradable adjectives
Terrified, furious, starving
Name some absolute ungradable adjectives
Alive, Correct, Dead
What kind of clause is highlighted?
“It has all the requirements, technical and aesthetic, that you could want”
A verbless clause
What kind of adverb is highlighted?
“The dog was barking madly”
Adverb of manner
What kind of adverb is highlighted?
“I never eat meat”
Adverb of frequency
What kind of adverb is highlighted?
“I need to see her now!”
Adverb of time
What kind of adverb is highlighted?
“We’ve been waiting here for a while”
Adverb of place
What kind of adverb is highlighted?
“I’ll be there soon”
Adverb of relative time
What kind of adverb is highlighted?
“I am absolutely starving”
Adverb of degree (intensifier)
What kind of adverb is highlighted?
“We are quite tired”
Adverb of degree (downtoner)
What kind of adverb is highlighted?
“We are quite exhausted”
Adverb of degree (intensifier - expresses absoluteness)
What kind of adverb is highlighted?
“She cried a little”
Adverb of quantity
What kind of adverb is highlighted?
“I want a little sugar”
NOT an adverb - it’s a quantifier
What kind of adverb is highlighted?
“I like chocolate, especially Milka”
Focusing adverb
What kind of adverb is highlighted?
“I’m only young”
Focusing adverb
What kind of adverb is highlighted?
“I am only running 5km today”
Focusing adverb
What kind of adverb is highlighted?
“Luckily, I had a plan”
Attitude marker (adverb)
Why do we use the “more” structure below?
“I am more tired than I thought”
Because “tired” is a past participle
Why do we use the “more” structure below?
“She looked more royal than ever”
Because “royal” is an ungradable adjective
Why do we use the “more” structure below?
“I feel more sick than yesterday”
It’s an individual choice
Why do we use the “more” structure below?
“It is much more boring than I thought”
“Boring” is a present participle
Why do we use the “more” structure below?
“It is less damaged than I expected”
“Damaged” is a part participle
Why do we use the “more” structure below?
“She is more awkward than her sister”
“Awkward” has a typical adjective ending
What happens to the final “t” in the superlative below, and why?
“I won the biggest prize”
It is elided, because it is followed by a consonant
What sound is added to the word “strong” when we make the comparative?
/g/
Why use the structure below?
“The traffic’s getting worse and worse”
To emphasize either the speed or inevitability of the process
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“Despite the problems, I am happy”
Preposition
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“In terms of the finances, we will lose money”
Preposition
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“Regarding the offer, I think we can agree”
Preposition
What kind of word is highlighted below?
I like them all, except that one
Preposition
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“We will save them all, including the children”
Preposition
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“Following the negotiations, a deal was reached”
Preposition
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“We left as a result of the war”
Preposition
What’s a good way of spotting certain unusual prepositions?
Do they express key logical relationships? (Cause and effect, contrast, example, exception and service)
How to spot a dependent preposition?
It contributes no meaning to the proceeding word
What kind of phrase is highlighted below?
“We are on good terms”
Idiomatic preposition phrase
What kind of phrase is highlighted below?
“That sort of action is beneath me”
Idiomatic preposition phrase
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“I ran past my house”
Preposition
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“I ran past”
Adverb
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“I called before dinner”
Preposition
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“I called before I got home”
Conjunction
What kind of word is highlighted below?
"I went out despite the rain”
Preposition
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“I went out although it was raining”
Conjunction
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“I left my job because of the stress”
Preposition
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“I left because my job was so stressful”
Conjunction
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“I was forced to take part”
Infinitive
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“I used to play football every day”
Infinitive
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“I am used to waking up early”
Infinitive
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“He threw up his dinner”
Particle
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“We broke up six months ago”
Particle
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“I have never dreamed of that before”
Dependent Preposition
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“She suffers from a rare disease”
Dependent Preposition
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“We are depending on you”
Dependent Preposition
What kind of word is highlighted below?
"He ran through the presentation one more time”
Particle
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“I feel ill”
Complement verb
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“I have arrived”
Tense Auxiliary
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“We have been waiting for ages”
Tense Auxiliary
What kind of word is highlighted below?
“We had finished before you called”
Tense Auxiliary
What kind of structure is highlighted below?
“You eat meat, don’t you?”
Question tag
What kinds of words are highlighted below?
“You eat meat, don’t you?”a
Dummy operator and subject pronoun
What are the purposes of a tag question?
To get confirmation (either something we are sure about or something we are unsure about) or to solicit agreement
Why use a question tag here?
“You don’t want to go out, do you?”
To solicit agreement (probably)
Why use a question tag here?
“You came here yesterday, did you?”
To express surprise or disbelief
When do we double the final letter of a regular verb?
When the final syllable is stressed
E.g. “Referred”
What is a frame?
A fixed expression, to which words or phrases can be added (Would you like….? …under…conditions)
Note 
Flashcards (64)