Practical 1

Closes jaw (elevates

Masseter

Closes jaw (elevates and retracts mandible)

Digastricus

Open mouth (lowers mandible), elevates & holds hyoid during speech and swallowing

Sternocleidomastoid

If one side is contracted, rotates/tilts head sideways; “obliques” skull – tilt same side/turn opposite side

Medial pterygoid

Close jaw

Lateral pterygoid

Opens jaw

Trapezius

Elevates, depresses, and retracts scapula

Latissimus dorsi

ADducts and extends shoulder (humerus); rotates shoulder (humerus), draws shoulder down and backward

Pectoralis major

Flexion, ADduction and medial rotation of shoulder (humerus)

Deltoid

ABducts shoulder (humerus); (posterior deltoid-extension of shoulder; anterior deltoid flexes shoulder

Infraspinatus

Lateral rotation of shoulder (humerus); horizontal ADduction of humerus [shoulder]

Supraspinatus

ABduction of shoulder (humerus); stabilizes shoulder joint

Subscapularis

Medial (internal) rotation of humerus; Stabilizes shoulder

Teres minor

Lateral (external) rotation of humerus

Biceps brachii

Flexes elbow (forearm); supination of forearmInsertion: radial tuberosity

Brachialis

Flexes elbow

Triceps brachii

Extends elbow and shoulder (glenohumeral joint)

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Flexes wrist; acts with Extensor carpi ulnaris to ADduct wrist

Flexor carpi radialis

Flexes and ABducts wrist

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Extends and ADducts wrist; acts with Flexor carpi ulnaris to ADduct wrist

Extensor carpi radialis longus and extensor carpi radialis brevis

Extends and ABducts wrist; acts with Flexor carpi radialis to ABduct wrist

Brachioradialis

Flexes elbow

Rectus abdominus

Flexes lumbar portion of vertebral column

External oblique

Unilateral: Lateral flexion of the vertebral column; rotation of vertebral column to opposite side.

Bilateral: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal wall

Internal oblique

Unilateral: Lateral flexion of the vertebral column; rotation of vertebral column to the same side

Bilateral: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal wall

Transverse abdominus

Unilateral: Lateral flexion of the vertebral column

Bilateral: flexes vertebral column and compresses

Gluteus maximus

ADducts, extension and lateral rotation of hip (femur)

Gluteus medius

ABducts and medially rotates hip (femur); stabilize pelvis

Gluteus minimus

ABduction and medial rotation of hip

Psoas major

Flexes hip (femur)

Sartorius

Flexes, ABducts and laterally rotates hip; flexes knee

Adductors: A. longus and A. magnus

ADduction of hip

Gracilis

ADducts hip; flexes knee

Vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius

Extends knee

Rectus femoris

Flexes hip (femur); extends knee

Semimembranosus

Extends hip (femur); flexes knee

Semitendinosus

Extends hip (femur); flexes knee

Long head of biceps femoris

Extends and laterally rotates hip (femur); flexes knee

Short head of biceps femoris

Flexes knee

Tibialis anterior

Dorsiflexion and inversion of ankle (foot)

Gastrocnemius

Plantar flexes ankle (foot); flexes knee

Soleus

Plantar flexes ankle (foot), stabilizes leg when standing

Simple squamous

Epithelial tissue that consists of a single layer of flattened cells. The thinness of these cells facilitates the transfer of materials (e.g., gases, fluids or nutrients) across the epithelium.

Simple cuboidal

Epithelial tissue that consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells. Often associated with absorption, secretion, or excretion of waste matter.

Simple columnar

Epithelial tissue that consists of a single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide. Often associated with absorption or secretion.

Pseudostratified columnar

Epithelial tissue that appears to be stratified because the nuclei of the epithelial cells are at different levels. However, every cell is in contact with the basement membrane, but not all cells reach the lumen.

Stratified cuboidal

Epithelial tissue that has multiple layers of cells with an outermost layer of cuboidal cells. Limited distribution - found in the lining of larger ducts.

Stratified squamous

Epithelial tissue that has multiple layers of cells becoming flattened as they move from the basal layer to the apical layers. It provides protection from abrasion and is keratinized on the external surface of the body. (Can be keratinized or non-keratinized)

Areolar

Connective tissue proper that is loose and has a sparse, irregular network of collagen and elastic fibers suspended within a relatively large amount of ground substance.

Adipose

Connective tissue proper that is loose and contains large numbers of adipocytes. The cells are empty because lipids are extracted during tissue preparation. It also contains small amounts of collagen fibers stained pink/red.

Dense regular connective tissue

Connective tissue proper with both collagen and elastic fibers that dissipate forces to bones.

Hyaline cartilage

Supportive connective tissue that is slippery and smooth which helps your bones move smoothly past each other in your joints. It's flexible but strong enough to help your joints hold their shape.

Bone

Supportive connective tissue with calcified extracellular matrix. Its functions include support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of ions, and endocrine regulation.

Cardiac

Muscle tissue that has short branching fibers, have a single, centrally located nucleus, show the same striations as skeletal muscle, and are under involuntary control. It is responsible for keeping the heart pumping blood around the body.

Skeletal

Muscle tissue that is long cylindrical, multinucleated, striated, and under voluntary control. It contracts to produce movement, sustains body posture and position, maintains body temperature, stores nutrients, and stabilizes joints.

Smooth

Muscle tissue that is pindle-shaped (fusiform), have a single, centrally located nucleus, and are under involuntary control. Uniform, nonstriated appearance. It helps with digestion and nutrient collection, and rids the body of toxins and works in electrolyte balance

Frontal

Occipital

Occipital condyles

Parietal

Temporal

Mastoid process, mandibular fossa, zygomatic process, external auditory meatus

Sphenoid

Greater and lesser wings

Ethmoid

Cribriform plate, Crista Galli

Maxillae

Upper jaw bone

Zygomatic

Lacrimal

Nasal

Bridge of nose

Mandible

Lower jaw bone

Palatine

Fused bones that form posterior part of hard palate

Coronal

Suture that joins frontal and parietal bone

Sagittal

Suture that joins parietal bones

Lamboidal

Suture that joins parietal bones with occipital bone

Squamous

Suture that joins temporal and parietal bones

Malleus

Incus

Stapes

Hyoid bone

Does not articulate with any other bone in the bone

Foramen magnum

“Big hole”; Largest foramen and entry for spinal cord

Jugular foramen

Between temporal and occipital bones, entry of cranial nerves glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI)

Carotid canal

Anterior and medial to the jugular foramen, entry of internal carotid artery

Superior orbital fissure

Cervical vertebrae

7

Atlas

C1

Axis

C2; odontoid process/ dens

Thoracic vertebrae

12

Lumbar vertebrae

5

Sacrum

5 fused bones

Coccyx

3-5 fused bones

Thorax

Manubrium, body, xiphoid process

Ribs

24; costal cartillages

True ribs

1-7

False ribs

8-12

Floating ribs

Clavicle

Know right from left

Scapula

Know right from left; Spine, acromion, coracoid process, glenoid cavity

Humerurs

head, neck, shaft, trochlea, capitulum, greater tubercle; lesser tubercle, olecranon fossa; Know right from left

Radius

radial tuberosity, styloid process, head; Know right from left

Ulna

Trochlear notch, olecranon process, styloid process; Know right from left

Carpus

Eight carpal bones make up each wrist

Metacarpus

5 bones that make up palm of each hand

Phalanges

14 finger bones of each hand