Botany

Botany

scientific study of plants

-aceae

family names end in

apomorphic

features that evolved from ancestral feature

aquatic

buoyancy, abundant water, moderate temps, filtered light

terrestrial

no buoyancy, scarce water, extreme temps, excess lights

waxy cuticles

prevent water loss of leaves

stomata

regulated pores for water and gas exchange

guard cells

cover stomata and aid in gas and water conservation

Plant body organization

stems, leaves, branches, roots

plants moved to dry land…

450 mya

vegetative organs

obtain energy and materials for growth and survival ( roots, stems, and leaves)

Reproductive organs

vary among plants and these organs emerge when plant is ready to reproduce

Tissue systems

ground, vascular, and dermal

Ground tissue

parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

Vascular tissue

xylem and phloem

dermal tissue

epidermis

herb growth

primary growth

Woody plants

undergo secondary growth

Plant cells

have cell wall with nucleus and cytoplasm

nucleus

DNA stored and replicated, filled with nucleoplasm

endomembrane system

modifying, packaging, and transporting proteins and lipids

what is in endomembrane system

endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, vacuoles, cell membrane

golgi

synthesis of non-cellulose cell wall parts

large central vacuole

bound by membrane, filled with cell sap, site of anthocyanins, recycle macromolecules and organelles

anthocyanins

red, blue, and purple pigment

chromoplasts

contain carotenoid

carotenoid

red, orange, and yellow pigment

leucoplasts

lack pigment and inner membrane ex. amyloplasts

middle lamella

glues cell wall together and made of pectin

plasmodesmata

filled with desmotubules and are channels for cells to talk between walls

cellulose in cell growth grows…

perpendicular to expansion

cortical microtubules

tracks for cellulose to grow

meristems

embryonic tissue

apical meristem

embryonic tissue found at root and shoot

3 classes of plant cells

parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

secondary growth

girth and width growth

intercalary meristem

continued growth despite cuttings

secondary growth occurs in

eudicots

thin cell walls, alive after maturity, phloem, transfer cells, pigmented cells

parenchyma

primary cell wall, alive at maturity, support vascular bundles

collenchyma

thick cell walls, dead at maturity, fibers and sclerids

sclerenchyma

fiber

long and flexible

sclerid

short and brittle, seed coats

Xylem

formed from procambium, water and minerals, dead and hollow

phloem

formed from procambium, sugar and materials, alive cells

vessel elements

xylem and phloem, only in angiosperms

glandular cells

secrete smells, resins, and nectar

trichomes

plant hairs for protection

leaf primordia is

leaves

bud primordia is

axillary buds (lateral shoots)

nodes

where leaves are attached

internode

between nodes

specialized photosynthetic organ

leaves

phallotaxy

arrangement of leaves on stems

alternate

one leaf at node

opposite

two leaves at node

whorled

3+ leaves at node

abscission zone

base of leaves that is involved in dropping them

petioles

transition between stem and blade

carnivorous plants…

live in nutrient poor conditions

eudicot stem

monocot stem

eudicot root

monocot root

pinnate

featherlike compound leaf with rachis

palmate

finger like compound leaf

monocot stomata

organized in rows

eudicots stomata

random

aquatic leaves stomata..

on the upper side

mesophyll

ground tissue with chloroplasts

monocot veins

parallel

eudicot veins

net-like

minor veins

collect photosynthate

major veins

transport photosynthate out

roots are for

anchorage, absorption, and hormone production

eudicot root system

tap root

monocot root system

fibrous root system

radicle becomes..

primary root

roots that develop from shoot, not primary root

adventitious roots

four zones of roots

1. root cap- parenchyma cells, protect

2. cell division- apical meristem and promeristem

3. elongation- cells enlarging

4. maturation - root hairs and differentiated cells

symplastic

transport through plasmodesmata

apoplastic

transport through cell wall

cells that block apoplastic transport

casparian cells

stele

vascular cylinder

center of stele

xylem

sexual reproduction

progeny are genetically diverse

asexual reproduction

progeny genetically identical

runners

long stems along surface

rhizomes

underground stems

suckers

sprouts from roots that give rise to new plants

plantlets

mother plant drops these to produce new plants

apoximis

asexual seed production

zygotic meiosis

multicellular haploid

gametic meiosis

multicellular diploid

sporic meiosis

alternation of generations

alt of generations

spores mitosis to gametophyte

gametophyte

produce gametes, multicellular haploid

gametes fuse to

sporophyte

sporophyte

multicellular diploid, produce spores

microspores turn into

microgametophyes that produce sperm