chap 18 test

A1C

a test that measures the percentage of hemoglobin that has glucose attached, which helps to diagnose diabetes and evaluate long-term glycemic control.

atherogenic

able to initiate or promote atherosclerosis.

autoimmune disorder

a condition in which the body develops antibodies to its own proteins and then proceeds to destroy cells containing these proteins.

cardiac output

the volume of blood discharged by the heart each minute

C-reactive protein (CRP)

a protein released during the acute phase of infection or inflammation that enhances immunity by promoting phagocytosis and activating platelets. Its presence may be used to assess a person's risk of an impending heart attack or stroke.

cruciferous vegetables

vegetables of the cabbage family, including cauliflower, broccoli, and brussels sprouts.

fasting plasma glucose

a test that measures plasma glucose after a person has fasted (no food or kcaloric beverages) for at least 8 hours.

hyperglycemia

elevated blood glucose concentrations.

infectious diseases

diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or other microorganisms that can be transmitted from one person to another through air, water, or food; by contact; or through vector organisms such as mosquitoes.

insulin resistance

the condition in which a normal amount of insulin produces a subnormal effect in muscle, adipose, and liver cells, resulting in an elevated fasting glucose; a metabolic consequence of obesity that precedes type 2 diabetes.

metabolic syndrome

a combination of risk factors—insulin resistance, high blood pressure, abnormal blood lipids, and abdominal obesity—that greatly increase a person's risk of developing coronary heart disease

microangiopathies

disorders of the small blood vessels.

peripheral resistance

the resistance to pumped blood in the small arterial branches (arterioles) that carry blood to the tissues.

platelets

tiny, disc-shaped bodies in the blood, important in blood clot formation.

synergistic

multiple factors operating together in such a way that their combined effects are greater than the sum of their individual effects.

antibodies

large proteins of the blood and body fluids, produced by the immune system in response to the invasion of the body by foreign molecules (usually proteins called antigens).

antigens

substances that elicit the formation of antibodies or an inflammation reaction from the immune system. Examples of antigens include viruses, bacteria, and toxins.

B-cells

lymphocytes that produce antibodies. B stands for bone marrow, where the B-cells develop and mature.

cytokines

special proteins that direct immune and inflammatory responses.

immune response

the body's reaction to foreign antigens, which neutralizes or eliminates them, thus preventing damage.

immune system

the body's natural defense against foreign materials that have penetrated the skin or mucous membranes.

immunoglobulins

proteins capable of acting as antibodies.

lymphocytes

white blood cells that participate in acquired immunity; B-cells and T-cells.

macrophages

large phagocytic cells that serve as scavengers of the blood, clearing it of old or abnormal cells, cellular debris, and antigens.

neutrophils

the most common type of white blood cell. Neutrophils destroy antigens by phagocytosis.

phagocytes

white blood cells (neutrophils and macrophages) that have the ability to ingest and destroy foreign substances.

phagocytosis

the process by which phagocytes engulf and destroy foreign materials.

T-cells

lymphocytes that attack antigens. T stands for the thymus gland, where the T-cells mature.

aneurysm

an abnormal enlargement or bulging of a blood vessel (usually an artery) caused by damage to or weakness in the blood vessel wall.

angina

a painful feeling of tightness or pressure in and around the heart, often radiating to the back, neck, and arms; caused by a lack of oxygen to an area of heart muscle.

atherosclerosis

a type of artery disease characterized by plaques (accumulations of lipid-containing material) on the inner walls of the arteries.

cardiovascular disease (CVD)

diseases of the heart and blood vessels throughout the body.

coronary arteries

blood vessels that supply blood to the heart.

coronary heart disease (CHD)

the damage that occurs when the blood vessels carrying blood to the heart (the coronary arteries) become narrow and occluded.

embolism

the obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus, or traveling clot, causing sudden tissue death.

heart attack

sudden tissue death caused by blockages of vessels that feed the heart muscle; also called myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest.

hypertension

consistently higher-than-normal blood pressure. Hypertension that develops without an identifiable cause is known as essential or primary hypertension; hypertension that is caused by a specific disorder such as kidney disease is known as secondary hypertension.

plaques)

the accumulation of fatty deposits, smooth muscle cells, and fibrous connective tissue that develops in the artery walls in atherosclerosis. Plaque associated with atherosclerosis is known as atheromatous plaque.

prehypertension

blood pressure slightly higher than normal, but below the diagnosis of hypertension

stroke

an event in which the blood flow to a part of the brain is cut off; also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA).

thrombosis

the formation of a thrombus,, or a blood clot, that may obstruct a blood vessel, causing gradual tissue death.

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

a temporary reduction in blood flow to the brain, which causes temporary symptoms that vary depending on the part of the brain affected.

diabetes

metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose resulting from insufficient insulin, ineffective insulin, or both; the complete medical term is diabetes mellitus (meh-LIE-tus). When blood glucose levels are higher than normal but below the diagnosis of diabetes, the condition is called prediabetes.

prediabetes

condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes; formerly called impaired glucose tolerance. Prediabetes is considered a major risk factor for future diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

type 1 diabetes

the less common type of diabetes in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Type 1 diabetes usually results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.

type 2 diabetes

the more common type of diabetes in which the cells fail to respond to insulin. Type 2 diabetes usually accompanies obesity and results from insulin resistance coupled with insufficient insulin secretion.

antipromoters

factors that oppose the development of cancer.

cancers

malignant growths or tumors that result from abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.

carcinogenesis

the process of cancer development.

carcinogens

substances that can cause cancer; the adjective is carcinogenic.

initiators

factors that cause mutations that give rise to cancer, such as radiation and carcinogens.

malignant

describes a cancerous cell or tumor, which can injure healthy tissue and spread cancer to other regions of the body.

metastasize

the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another.

promoters

factors that favor the development of cancers once they have begun.

tumor

an abnormal tissue mass with no physiological function; also called a neoplasm.. Cancers are classified by the tissues or cells from which they develop:

Adenomas

cancerous cells that arise from glandular tissues.

Carcinomas

cancerous cells that arise from epithelial tissues.

Gliomas cancerous cells that arise from glial cells of the central nervous system.

Leukemias cancerous cells that arise from white blood cell precursors.

Lymphomas

cancerous cells that arise from lymph tissue.

Melanomas

cancerous cells that arise from pigmented skin cells.

Sarcomas

cancerous cells that arise from connective tissues, such as muscle and bone.

A1C: a test that measures the percentage of hemoglobin that has glucose attached, which helps to diagnose diabetes and evaluate long-term glycemic control.

atherogenic: able to initiate or promote atherosclerosis.

autoimmune disorder: a condition in which the body develops antibodies to its own proteins and then proceeds to destroy cells containing these proteins

cardiac output: the volume of blood discharged by the heart each minute

C-reactive protein (CRP): a protein released during the acute phase of infection or inflammation that enhances immunity by promoting phagocytosis and activating platelets. Its presence may be used to assess a person's risk of an impending heart attack or stroke.

cruciferous vegetables: vegetables of the cabbage family, including cauliflower, broccoli, and brussels sprouts.

fasting plasma glucose: a test that measures plasma glucose after a person has fasted (no food or kcaloric beverages) for at least 8 hours.

hyperglycemia: elevated blood glucose concentrations.

infectious diseases: diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or other microorganisms that can be transmitted from one person to another through air, water, or food; by contact; or through vector organisms such as mosquitoes.

insulin resistance: the condition in which a normal amount of insulin produces a subnormal effect in muscle, adipose, and liver cells, resulting in an elevated fasting glucose; a metabolic consequence of obesity that precedes type 2 diabetes.

metabolic syndrome: a combination of risk factors—insulin resistance, high blood pressure, abnormal blood lipids, and abdominal obesity—that greatly increase a person's risk of developing coronary heart disease.

microangiopathies: disorders of the small blood vessels.

peripheral resistance: the resistance to pumped blood in the small arterial branches (arterioles) that carry blood to the tissues.

platelets: tiny, disc-shaped bodies in the blood, important in blood clot formation.

synergistic: multiple factors operating together in such a way that their combined effects are greater than the sum of their individual effects.

antibodies: large proteins of the blood and body fluids, produced by the immune system in response to the invasion of the body by foreign molecules (usually proteins called antigens). Antibodies combine with and inactivate the foreign invaders, thus protecting the body.

antigens: substances that elicit the formation of antibodies or an inflammation reaction from the immune system. Examples of antigens include viruses, bacteria, and toxins.

B-cells: lymphocytes that produce antibodies. B stands for bone marrow, where the B-cells develop and mature.

cytokines: special proteins that direct immune and inflammatory responses.

immune response: the body's reaction to foreign antigens, which neutralizes or eliminates them, thus preventing damage.

immune system: the body's natural defense against foreign materials that have penetrated the skin or mucous membranes.

immunoglobulins: proteins capable of acting as antibodies.

lymphocytes: white blood cells that participate in acquired immunity; B-cells and T-cells.

macrophages: large phagocytic cells that serve as scavengers of the blood, clearing it of old or abnormal cells, cellular debris, and antigens.

neutrophils: the most common type of white blood cell; destroy antigens by phagocytosis.

phagocytes: white blood cells (neutrophils and macrophages) that have the ability to ingest and destroy foreign substances.

phagocytosis: the process by which phagocytes engulf and destroy foreign materials.

T-cells: lymphocytes that attack antigens; they mature in the thymus gland.

aneurysm: an abnormal enlargement or bulging of a blood vessel (usually an artery) caused by damage to or weakness in the blood vessel wall.

angina: a painful feeling of tightness or pressure in and around the heart, often radiating to the back, neck, and arms; caused by a lack of oxygen to an area of heart muscle.

atherosclerosis: a type of artery disease characterized by plaques (accumulations of lipid-containing material) on the inner walls of the arteries.

cardiovascular disease (CVD): diseases of the heart and blood vessels throughout the body

coronary arteries: blood vessels that supply blood to the heart.

coronary heart disease (CHD): the damage that occurs when the blood vessels carrying blood to the heart (the coronary arteries) become narrow and occluded.

embolism: the obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus, or traveling clot, causing sudden tissue death.

heart attack: sudden tissue death caused by blockages of vessels that feed the heart muscle; also called myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest.

hypertension: consistently higher-than-normal blood pressure. Hypertension that develops without an identifiable cause is known as essential or primary hypertension; hypertension that is caused by a specific disorder such as kidney disease is known as secondary hypertension.

plaques: the accumulation of fatty deposits, smooth muscle cells, and fibrous connective tissue that develops in the artery walls in atherosclerosis. Plaque associated with atherosclerosis is known as atheromatous plaque.