My unit 2 biol exam study cards

Globular protein shape

rounded or spherical

Fibrous Proteins shape

long and narrow extended line

Is Globular Protein water soluble

Yes

Is fibrous protein water soluble?

no

What are examples of globular proteins?

lysozyme, hemoglobin, insulin

What are examples of fibrous proteins?

collagen and keratin

Are Fibrous proteins more sensitive or less sensitive in heat and pH?

less sensitive

Are globular proteins more sensitive or less sensitive in heat and pH?

more sensitive

What is the role in Fibrous Proteins?

Structural (strength and support)

What is the role in globular Proteins?

Functional (catalysts and transport)

Enzymes

They catalyze/help speed up and regulate chemical reactions in the body

Examples of enzymes

Lactase and Amylase

Transport protein

embedded in cell membrane that help move molecules/ nutrients into/ out of cell

Examples of Transport proteins?

Proteins move sugar molecules, Proteins that move oxygen (hemoglobin)

Contractile Protein

Proteins that aid in cellular and molecular movement

Defense Protein

Protect the body from harm

examples of contractile protein

Motor proteins transporting molecules (actin and myosin)

examples of defense protein

antibodies

Signal Protein

Chemical messengers that help coordinate bodily activities

Examples of signal proteins

hormones (HGH, Insulin)

Receptor Protein

found in cell membrane receive and transmit signals to other cells; involved in cell-to-cell communication

Examples of receptor protein

Insulin receptor

Structural Protein

aid in structural support of cell, tissues, and organs in body

Storage Protein

Supply amino acids to developing embryos

Examples of storage protein

proteins found in eggs and seeds

Misfolded Proteins

A protein that was not folded properly when it was made thereby causing problems in the cell

examples of Misfolded Proteins

Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease, ALS, and Mad Cow disease (caused by prions)

Denaturation

process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific shape and thus looses its specific function, which can be caused by excessive heat, pH changes, and salt conc change

Denaturation levels disrupted

Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

Denaturation reversible or not reversible

Not reversible because you can never refold that amino acid chain back to the original 3D shape you originally have

Denaturation vs Hydrolysis (Hydrolysis)

Breaks down large molecules into small molecules with the use of a water molecule

What levels of structure is hydrolysis disrupted

Primary

Can the affects of hydrolysis be reversed?

Yes, you can reverse it by dehydration synthesis

What is dehydration synthesis?

you can take a water molecule of amino acids and start reforming a chain of amino acids

Carbohydrates (aka CHOs) have what?

1. molecular formula that is a multiple of CH2O (1:2:1 C:H:O)

2. number of hydroxyl groups (-OH) and a carbonyl group (C=O)

What is carbohydrates?

molecule group consisting of:

• single-monomer sugar (monosaccharides)

• two-monomer sugars (disaccharides)

• polymers (polysaccharides)

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars

• Mono = 1; saccharide = sugar

Sugar names end in “-ose” for monosaccharides

glucose, dextrose, and fructose

Enzymes that breakdown sugars end in “-ase” for monosaccharides

lactase, sucrase, maltase

What id monosaccharides the source of?

Quick energy and is also used in making other kinds of organic molecules

Disaccharides

generated by combining two monosaccharides using a dehydration reaction

Examples of disaccharides?

maltose, sucrose, and lactose

What is this?

Glucose C6H12O6

foods in maltose?

bread, beer, milkshake

Foods in sucrose?

pineapples and apricots

foods in lactose

milk and dairy products

What is maltose made of in monosaccharides?

glucose + glucose

What is sucrose made of in monosaccharides?

glucose + fructose

What is lactose made of in monosaccharides?

gluecose + galactose

What is this disaccharide?

maltose

What is this disaccharide?

sucrose

What is this disaccharide?

lactose

what is a Glycosidic bond?

Glucose monomers link together with a covalent bond and forms a disaccharide

Polysaccharide

composed of many monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions

polysaccharides function as?

long-term energy storage molecules and structural compounds

Common types of polysaccharides

Starch, Glycogen (liver), Cellulose, Chitin (seafood)

are almost all carbohydrates hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophilic due to the many hydroxyl groups attached to the sugar

Starch purpose

storage (long-term energy) and polysaccharide broken down (hydrolyzed) when glucose is needed for energy or building materials

Composition for starch?

glucose monomers

Structure of starch

single molecule with some branches

location of starch

plants only

examples of starch?

potatoes, grains/cereals/bread/pasta (wheat, corn, rice, oats), beans, chestnuts

What is this?

starch

what is Glycogen known as

animal starch

purpose of glycogen?

storage (long-term energy)

polysaccharide broken down (hydrolyzed) when glucose is needed for energy or building materials

composition of glycogen?

glucose monomers

structure of glycogen?

single molecule with many extensive branches

location of glycogen

animals only

examples of glycogen

In all animal cells and the highest in liver and muscle

what does glycogen do for us?

Humans/animals have enzymes that hydrolyze this into glucose...and then makes this for long-term cellular energy storage

What does starch do for us?

Humans/animals have enzymes that hydrolyze this to glucose...and then makes glycogen for long-term energy storage

cellulose known as?

dietary fiber

Cellulose purpose?

structural use (combine w/ polymers to produce support for plant)

storage (long-term energy)

broken down when glucose needed for energy or building material

cellulose composition

glucose monomers

cellulose structure

Polysaccharide chains linked together by H-bonds creating parallel stacks

cellulose location

plants only

examples of cellulose

plant cell walls

facts about cellulose

most abundant organic compound on Earth

humans and animals do NOT have enzymes that can hydrolyze cellulose to glucose – contributes to digestive health

termites, some bacteria (cow gut), fungi can break down cellulose

What is this?

Glycogen

What is this?

Starch

what is this?

cellulose

What is this?

glycerol

what is this?

fatty acid

monomers of lipids?

Glycerol and Fatty acid (FA)

Function of lipids?

Long-term energy storage

Component of plasma membrane

Metabolism and homeostasis

is nonpolar tail stable in water?

No

is polar head stable in water?

Yes

lipids

diverse group of molecules classified together due to one common trait: they are hydrophobic

why are lipids hydrophobic?

Due to nonpolar C-H bonds in hydrocarbon

common types of lipids?

Triglycerides (fats and oils), Phospholipids, Steroids, and Waxes

purpose of triglycerides?

Insulation and cushioning (fat in animals)

long-term energy storage

1 gram of fat stores more than 2x as much energy as 1 gram of polysaccharide

composition of triglycerides?

1 glycerol (3 carbons attached to –OH group)

3 fatty acids (carboxyl group and string of methyls)

Structure of triglycerides

fatty acids linked to glycerol molecule through dehydration reaction Two types of fatty acids:

Saturated fatty acids and Unsaturated fatty acids

location of triglycerides

plants and animals

examples of triglycerides

palm oil, olive oil, butter, lard

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

hydrocarbon chain contains 1+ double bonds, liquid at room temp – spoil quickly, and usually plant based

Saturated Fatty Acids

hydrocarbon chain contains all single bonds – carbons “saturated” w/ hydrogen, solid at room temp – long shelf life, and usually animal based

is this fatty acid saturated or unsaturated?

saturated

is this fatty acid saturated or unsaturated?

unsaturated

is this fatty acid saturated or unsaturated?

unsaturated