BIOL 1030 Final

phylogeny

Evolutionary history of a species

systematics

A scientific discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships.

genus

A group of similar species

branch point

represents the common ancestor of the two evolutionary lineages diverging from it

evolutionary lineage

a sequence of ancestral organisms leading to a particular descendant taxon

sister taxa

groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor that is not shared by any other group

rooted

a branch point within the tree (often farthest to the left) represents the most common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

basa; taxon

a lineage that diverges from all over members of its group

homology

similarity due to shared ancestry

analogy

similarity due to convergent evolution

cladistics

common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms

clade

a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants, a clade is a monophyletic group

monophyletic

ALL descendants came from one common ancestor

paraphyletic

Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.

polyphyletic

pertaining to a group of taxa that includes distantly related organisms but does not include their most recent common ancestor

shared ancestral character

traits that are the original traits present in ancestral groups

shared derived character

Evolutionary novelty unique to that clade.

outgroup

a species closely related to but not part of the group

ingroup

a species who's evolutionary relationships are being examined in a given analysis

three kingdoms

plantae, fungi, and animalia

three domains

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

taxonomy

the science of classifying and naming organisms

parsimonious

the one that required the simplest explanation is chosen

maximum parsimony

assumes that the tree that required the fewest evolutionary events is the most likely

maximum likelihood

based on probability rules about how DNA changed over time and assumes a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events

Prokaryote

-unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus

-domain bacteria and archaea

gram stain

A staining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell walls.

gram positive

bacteria that have relatively simple walls composed of a thick layer of pestidoglycan

gram negative

bacteria have less peptidoglycan and are structually more complex with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides

taxis

an oriented movement toward or away from a stimulus

nucleoid

a non membrane enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell where its chromosome is located

phototrophs

obtain energy from light

symbiosis

A relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other

mutualism

a relationship that both organisms benefit from

commensalism

a relationship that one is benefit and the other is not harmed or helped

protist

any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal or fungus

mixotrophs

combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

endosymbiosis

a relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organism

algae

any photosynthetic protist, unicellular and multicellular

diplomonads

-Double cell structure
-Two equal sized nuclei and multiple flagella
-Modified mitochondria called mitosomes

euglenid

has a pocket at one end of the cell from which one or two flagella emerge

diatoms

a unicellular algae that have glass like wall

laminarin

a carbohydrate storage macromolecule accumulated by and generally characteristic of the SAR algae

Brown algae

-Largest and most complex algae
-All are multicellular, and most are marine
-Brown or olive color comes from carotenoids in their plastids
-Lack true tissues and organs
-Sexual reproduction

Dinoflagellates

-Unicellular, mostly marine
-Have 2 flagella
-Have exoskeleton made up of plates of cellulose
-Asexual reproduction, sex rare but does happen

Apicomplexa (sporozoans)

-Unicellular
-Nonmotile, spore forming parasites of animals
-Complex life cycle with both sexual and asexual phases

Ciliates

-Unicellular, many cilia
-Outer covering (pellicle) of tough protein material
-Form vacuoles for ingesting food and regulating water balance

Foraminifera

-Important Fossil Group
-Found in limestone rocks

Radiolaria

-Unicellular, have glassy shells, exoskeleton gives fixed shape with bilateral or radial symmetry
-Use needle like pseudopodia for locomotion

Phylum Rhodophyta

red algae
-Mostly marine and mostly multicellular
-No flagella
-Chloroplasts have phycobilin and chlorophyll a
-Sexual reproduction

Phylum Chlorophyta

green algae
-Mostly aquatic and both uni and multicellular
-Chlorophyll a and b
-Asexual reproduction
-Plants apparently evolved from a line of these

cuticle

The waxy, waterproof layer that covers the leaves and stems of most plants.

stoma

mouth, gas exchange

sporophyte

multicellular diploid organism, makes spores via meiosis

gametophyte

multicellular haploid organism, makes gametes via mitosis

antheridium

male gametangium, makes sperm

archegonium

female gametangium, makes eggs

Nonvascular plants

Plants lacking specialized tubes for conducting water and nutrients

Phylum Hepatophyta

liverworts
-Simpler than mosses, develop almost directly from spores
-growth is prostrate (flat) not erect
-sexual reproduction
-asexual reproduction occurs in thalloid forms from gemmae splashed out of Gemma cups

Phylum Bryophyta

mosses
-Anchored to substrate with rhizoids
-Water travels up outside of plant by capillary action
-Sexual reproduction

Phylum Anthocerophyta

hornworts
-Cells typically have a single chloroplast
-Functional stomata

Xylem

Conducts water and dissolved minerals upward

Phloem

Transports carbohydrates in solution throughout plant

Seeds

highly resistant structures that increase ability of developing embryos to survive on land

Extinct phylum rhyniophyte

-Homosporous - only one spore type
-Only a few centimeters tall
-Branching axis, no leaves, or roots

Phylum lycophyte

club mosses
-Their leaves are also called microphylls
-Very little vascular tissue (just a single vein)
-Sexual reproduction

Phylum Pterophyta

ferns
-Most are homosporous but some are heterosporous
-Fronds develop from rhizome as coiled fiddle heads

Phylum psilophyta

whisk ferns
-Simplest living vascular plants
-No true roots or leaves - leaf like enations
-Sexual reproduction
-All are homosporous

Phylum arthrophyte

horse tails
-Hollow, ribbed, jointed, photosynthetic stems
-Silica deposits in some epidermal cells
-Most are homosporous
-Sexual reproduction

ovules

female reproductive cell

seed coat

A tough outer covering of a seed, formed from the outer coat of an ovule.

gynosperms

flowerless plants that use naked seeds to reproduce

Angiosperms

A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.

Male gametophytes develop from _____

microspores, become pollen grains

Phylum anthrophyta

flowering plants
-Male gametophyte small, protected by microspore wall, flies through air to female gametophyte
-No swimming sperm: male gametophyte delivers sperm to female gametophyte protected by ovule in female cone
-Ovules enclosed within carpel (parent diploid saprophytic tissue) at pollination

Epiphytes

grow on another plant for support

Calyx

sepals, usually green, leaf like, and protect immature flower

Corolla

petals, usually colorful, attract pollinators, together with calyx called perianth

Androecium

stamens, male reproductive structures

Gynoecium

carpels, female reproductive structure

Ovary

swollen base with 1 to hundreds of ovules, develop into fruit

Meiospores

sexual spores

Mitospores

asexual spores

Phylum Chytridiomycota

chytrids
-Motile zoospores - only fungi with flagella
-Primary aquatic
-Both sexual and asexual

Phylum Zygomycota

-Paraphyletic
-Meiospores made in zygosporangia
-Specialized thick coated structures that protect the diploid cells inside

Endomycorrhizae

form sheaths of hyphae over a root and typically grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex

Phylum Ascomycota

sac fungi

Ascus

sac where meiospores are formed

Conidia

mitospores made by cells pinching off from cells at tips of conidiophores

Lichens

partnership between fungi and unicellular photosynthesizer

Phylum Basidiomycota

club fungi

What defines kingdom animalia

-Multicellular heterotrophs with tissues
-No cell walls
-Monophyletic group

Radially symmetry

any plane through the central axis of the animal will produce two halves that are approximately mirror images of each other

Bilateral symmetry

body parts are arranged around two axes of orientation, the head tail axis, and the dorsal central axis

Coelomate

have fluid filled cavity within mesoderm and surrounded by mesodermal tissue

Pseudocoelomate

have fluid filled cavity (pseudocoel) between mesoderm and endoderm

Porifera

sponges
-lack tissues
-filter feeders

Spongocoel

the central cavity of a sponge

Osculum

a large opening in a sponge that connects the spongocoel to the environment