jazz club

Magnification

How much larger the image is than the actual object

Resolution

How clear the image is

Light Microscope function.

Uses light to see specimens

Cell fractionation

The large molecules of all living things fall into just four main classes. Name them

CLPN

Macromolecule

Large molecule made up of smaller units called monomers; they include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Which classes of macromolecules are polymers

CPN

Monomers are connected to make dimers/polymers in what reaction

Dehydration reaction=water removed

What is a dehydration reaction

Two molecules join together and water molecule is removed

What is hydrolysis

Breaks molecules adds water

how to identify monomer

single small unit that can join with others

In what polysaccharide form do plants store glucose to be available later as an energy source?

starch

monosaccharide is defined as

single sugar

At a conference, the speaker's grand finale was sautéing mealworms (insect larvae) in butter and serving them to the audience. They were crunchy (like popcorn hulls) because their exoskeletons contain the polysaccharide __________

chitin

Carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for __________.

energy storage and release

Is glucose Poly or Mono saccharide

Mono

The polysaccharide that you are most likely to have eaten recently is __________

starch

A polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells is __________.

Correct. Humans and other vertebrates store glucose as a polysaccharide called glycogen in their liver and muscles.

Carbohydrates can function in which of the following ways?

Carbohydrates function as both storage molecules (starch, glycogen) and structural support molecules (cellulose).

why cant amalyse break down cellulose

Amalyse can break down alpha linkages not beta

Monomer-Monomer in carbhoydrates

Glycosidic bond

Monomer-Monomer in protein

Peptide bond

Monomer-Monomer in Nucleic

phosphodiester bond.

Which of the following components of a tossed salad will pass through the human digestive tract and be digested the least

cellulose contains glcosidic linkages that cant be broken by humans

Which of the following terms can be correctly used to describe compounds that do NOT mix with water?

Hydrophobic

The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are

Phospholipids

The sex hormones estradiol and testosterone belong to which class of molecules?

lipids

Main characteristic of lipid?

hydrophobic

High cholesterol levels are considered a major risk factor for heart disease. If it is so bad for humans, why does the body make cholesterol in the first place?

Cholesterol is the precursor for many important molecules such as sex hormones.

Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid at room temperature by __________.

adding hydrogen

what are ester linkages

bond between glycerol and fatty acid

What are Van Der Waals forces

very weak temporary attractions

How can geckos walk on walls

Van Der waals create small charges that allow molecules to stick lightly to each other

What is denaturation

unfolding of a protein

Which of the following lists ranks these molecules in the correct order by size from smallest to largest?

water, glucose, sucrose, protein

What is a peptide

Short chain of amino acids

Overall 3D Shape

Teritiary

Alpha Beta Structure

Secondary

Sequence of Amino Acid structure

Primary

What are chaperonins

Proteins that help other proteins fold

What do Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and mad cow disease have in common?

All are associated with the buildup of misfolded proteins in cells.

Which two tangs are complementary

Adenine and thymine

Which of the following are pyrimidines found in the nucleic acid DNA?

thymine and cytosine

The partial charges on a water molecule occur because of __________.

the unequal sharing of electrons between the hydrogen and the oxygen atoms of a water molecule

If water were NOT a polar molecule, how would the effects of global warming differ from those currently observed or predicted to occur in the future

The effects would be drastically worse because the loss of the polar nature of water would greatly reduce its specific heat and its ability to moderate temperature.

The ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and water's ability to dissolve substances that have charges or partial charges are __________.

both caused by water's partial charges

The phenomenon responsible for maintaining the upward movement of water through vessels in a tree is __________.

cohesion

You can fill a glass of water to just slightly above the rim without the water spilling over the glass. What property of water best explains this phenomenon

surface tension

Imagine that organisms consisted of 70–95% alcohol instead of 70–95% water. Alcohol's specific heat is about half that of water. How would living things be different?

Systems for temperature regulation would have to be much more efficient

The amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 g of any substance by 1°C is defined as __________.

the specific heat of that substance

The amount of heat required to convert 1 g of any substance from the liquid to the gaseous state is defined as __________.

the heat of vaporization of that substance

Which of the following occurs because molecules of water are farther apart in ice than in liquid water?

Ice floats.

Water is a very versatile solvent because water molecules are __________.

Polar right answer feedback:Correct. Because molecules of polar solvents have a positive and a negative pole, polar solvents are excellent solvents for ions and for other polar materials

Water is considered a polar molecule. What does that mean?

The electrons are shared unequally: O is more electronegative than H, so O carries a slight negative charge (δ⁻) and H’s are slight positive (δ⁺). The molecule has a positive side and a negative side.

Define cohesion

Attraction between like molecules (water-water)

Define adhesion

Attraction between unlike molecules (water-glass)

Which property is shown by beads of water on a waxed car hood?

Cohesion, Wax is nonpolar so water sticks to itself and forms beads

Which property allows a water strider to walk on water

Surface tension from cohesion

What is a calorie

Amount of heat to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree celcius

What does it mean if water has a high specific heat?

More resistant to temparature change

How do hydrogen bonds contribute to water’s high specific heat.

Hydrogen bonds must be broken to raise water temp. added heat is absorbed breaking h bonds instead of raising temperature

Why is it important that ice floats

Floating ice insulates the liquid water below, allowing aquatic life to survive winter.

Why does ice float and why is 4 Celsius special

Water is densest at 4. molecules

Solvent

Dissolving medium (Usually water) (Buckshot)

Solute

Substance dissolved

Solution

Homogenous mixture (solute + solvent)

Coffee and Sugar which is solvent

Coffee

Coffee and Sugar which is solute

sugar

Why is water such a good solvent

Water us polar and forms hydrogen bonds, Water disolves many ionic and polar substances

Define Hydrophobic

Anti water

Example of hydrophobic

Oil

Define hydrophilic

Water LovingH

Hydrophilic Example

Salt

Why can a fish survive in a freezing lake

Ice insulates and water high specifc heat keeps water below ice above freezing

Why does a meniscus form in a graduated cylinder

Adhesion pulls the water towards the glass sides while cohesion pulls the water down

How does sweat cool the body

When sweat evaporates it absorbs body heat

Why does water and oil not mix

Water is polar, oil is nonpolar=hydrophobic effect

Define Acid

Donates H

Define base

accepts H

hat is the role of van der Waals interactions in biological molecules?

Although they are weak bonds, van der Waals interactions help to reinforce the three-dimensional shapes of large molecules.

matter

any substance that occupies space

element

unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties

compound

a thing composed of two or more separate elements

What four elements make up 96% of all living matter

CHON

Essential Element

Elements that organisms needs in relatively large amounts to survive

Trace elements

Needed in small amounts but still crucial

how to find protons

atomic number

how to find electrons

protons-charge

how to find neutrons

mass number - atomic number

Which is the only subatomic particle that is directly involved in the chemical reactions between atoms?

Electrons

Define potential energy

Potential energy is the stored energy an object has because of its position or condition, not because it’s moving.

Which electron has more potential energy — one in the first energy shell or the third energy shell?

The third shell electron, since it is farther from the nucleus and less tightly held.

What determines the chemical behavior of an atom?

electrons

Define Molecule

two or more atoms bonded together (can be same or different kinds).

Define Compound

a molecule that contains two or more different elements.

Electronegativity

Atom’s ability to attract electrons toward itself when it is in a bond

Water is considered a polar molecule. What does that mean?

The electrons are shared unequally: O is more electronegative than H, so O carries a slight negative charge (δ⁻) and H’s are slight positive (δ⁺). The molecule has a positive side and a negative side.

Define cohesion

Attraction between like molecules (water-water)