trial 1

evidence

establishes something is true through a process

inference

believing something is true before actually proving it

disinformation

intentionally false information

Misinformation

incorrect information but the intent is unknown

fake news

misinformation, disinformation, propaganda

Mimics news media in form but not process

Media role in democracy

• Provide info freely to everyone to ensure they have equal access to the democratic process

Types of Journalism

• accurately informs public

Solution to media in democracy

Regulate market (EU sets standards of journalism as the price to enter the market) and technologies (transparent algorithms, fact checking)

Democracy

Citizens must be responsible for being informed bc we have informed representation

Media in digital era

• decline in quality And accessibility

• misuse of data (targeted ads)

• commercialization of media

Pizzagate article

conspiracy Spread bc of bots

Media effects

Theories explaining how mass media influences the attitudes of readers and audience members

Hypodermic Needle Model

the media figuratively shoot their powerful effects into unsuspecting or weak audiences

limited effects model

audience members interpret messages according to their own preexisting beliefs and values and use these messages in unique ways

Negotiated media effects approach

Message has some power but effects the audience based on demographics, culture, education

Media effects in digital age

Media has power in framing and micro targeting, audience affected depending on demographics, education, culture, media use behavior

How prevalent is covid 19 misinformation on twitter

Traditional news encouraged and covered preventative measures, misinformation on Twitter

Does media type influence Covid 19 behsviors

News media= fewer misperceptions and more social distancing compliance

Social media= opposite

Is there a link between misinformation and social distancing compliance

Misperceptions= less social distancing compliance

Solution from covid 19 articke

• tech companies police misinformation better

• policy makers do something about it

How to make message more effective

Target values, use emotional topics, visuals, micro targeting audience

Cambridge Analytica

Is a privately held company that combines data mining and data analysis with strategic communication for the electoral process.

got data from 87 million Facebook users. Shared data with Trump presidential campaign to craft target ads.

Human toll of fake news

Fake covid 19 cures- cleaning products, alcohol, soso

psychographic profile

a way of better understanding your audience by compiling attitudinal information relative to values, beliefs, and ideology of your audience

Case for Regulation

Advertising has overpowered the need for true news

Russian disinformation to spread propaganda

a conspiracy theory that the virus thatcauses AIDS was caused by US biological weapon experiments

Objectivity

consistent method of testing informstion. Neutral voice helps to convince us that the info was obtained by objective methods (methods objective)

Journalism first loyalty is to

The public

Journalism's first obligation

truth

verification in journalism

"Get the facts right",

Verify through multiple reliable sources

Tell the complete story

Identify missing information

Relate alternative explanation of facts

Be transparent (about sources & methods-let the audience decide

Weakness: reliance on funding and subscriptions

journalism of assertion

highest value on immediacy and volume and in so doing tends to become a passive conduit of information

Does not challenge sources or address/resolve source assertions

Incomplete, misleading

Journalism of Affirmation

Strongly ideological, affirms audience perceptions, builds loyalty by cherry picking facts

Interest groups

highly resourced, promote self, may tell only one-side of the story, may also include factual information-but often biased

Sources

Who?

How many?

Different perspectives?

Credible?

Completness

anything missing?

Explained well?

evidence

Enough to support claim?

Opposing evidence present?

Describes unknowns?

Explicit? (Doesn't imply something)

Objectivity

Objective methods used?

language

Denotative: neutral, literal

Connotative: what the words imply in context

Annotative: suggests something positive of negative

Accuracy

Uses journalistic process?

Breaking story?

Specific ideological view?

Rubric-verification

Accuracy- uses journalistic standards, editorial board, fact checkers, peer reviewed

Sources- multiple perspectives from expertise, facts have more than one source

Completeness- holistic context, who what where when why how

Evidence- links or citations, limitations to facts reported

Objectivity- fair coverage of at least 2 perspectives

Language- neutral

Rubric- assertion

Accuracy- breaking story (unverified), limited views, not yet confirmed

Sources- single or limited views, lacks range

Completeness- stuff missing, limited information

Evidence- limited either intentionally or bc new story

Objectivity- fair as the story unfolds

Language- not all objective bc shock factor

Rubric- affirmation

Accuracy- promotes specific ideology/worldview, statements not verified

Sources- support worldview, no support to discount counter evidence, experts not in the field they're speaking about

Completeness- omits dissenting information