Bio 152 EXAM 3

synaptic transmission

a process where one neuron relays a signal to a target cell

synapses

regions where neurons communicate to target cells via junctions

cardiac muscle

push on blood, to create blood flow, found in the walls of the heart. striated and branched. May have one or more nuclei per cell

smooth muscle

wrap around internal tubes and control movement through the tubes (blood vessels or digestive tract) not striated cells are shorter and tapered at each end

skeletal muscle

move the skeleton of the body. long striated fibers with multiple nuclei

myocyte (muscle fiber)

muscle cell

anatomy of muscles

muscle > bundles > fiber cells > myofibrils > sarcomere

sarcomere

basic unit of contraction

structural protiens

titan, nebulin

structural protein's function

support other proteins, hold them

regulatory proteins

troponin, tropomyosin (skeletal) calmodulin (smooth)

regulatory protein's function

control and contraction

contractile proteins

actin, myosin

contractile protein's function

create tension (pulling)

thin filaments

actin, troponin, tropomyosin, nebulin

thick filaments

myosin, titan

nebulin

in the background, helps hold the actin rope, keeps it organized

tropomyosin

blocks/uncovers myosin binding site

troponin

acts like a crowbar to move tropomyosin when needed

sliding filament theory of contraction

when myosin moves its head, it pulls the actin along pulling the thin filament towards the middle of the sarcomere

tension

pulling force

single twitch

single interaction between the myosin and actin where tension is created

catabolism

reactions that have a net release of energy. The energy is made available to do the work

anabolism

reactions that have a net consumption/use of energy. The energy is invested in the products of the reaction

metabolism

sum of chemical reactions in a cell or organism

cellular respiration

rate of oxygen use and production of carbon dioxide by a single cell

whole body respiration

rate of oxygen use and production of carbon dioxide by an organism

phosphorylation

addition of high energy phosphate from ATP molecule (protien)

kinase

a type of enzyme that adds high energy phosphate to a substrate

phosphate

a type of enzyme that removes a low energy phosphate from a substrate and releases it as an inorganic phosphate (PI)

phosphorylation cycle

a whole turn over event start to end

substrate level phosphorylation

phosphate on substance is still in a high energy state, so transferring it back to ADP doesn't require much energy

oxidative phosphorylation

inorganic (free) phosphate is in a low energy state, so transferring it back to ADP requires a lot of energy to force a new high energy bond to form. large input of energy is required to catalyze reaction

where does glycolysis take place

the cytoplasm

where does pyruvate oxidation take place

transitions from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix

where does the citric acid cycle (Krebbs cycle) take place

the mitochondrial matrix

where does oxidative phosphorylation take place

along the inter mitochondrial membrane

step 1 of cellular respiration

glycolysis

step 2 of cellular respiration

pyruvate oxidation

step 3 of cellular respiration

citric acid cycle (Krebbs cycle)

step four of cellular respiration

oxidative phosphorylation

oxidative phosphorylation

the main production of ATP in eukaryotic cell
requires an electrochemical gradient to help make ATP
usually, an H + gradient

ATP synthase

makes ATP from PI and ADP

only use of oxygen in our cells

the use of oxygen to accept used electrons from cellular respiration
makes metabolic water

NAD+ reduced

NADH

FAD+ reduced

FADH2

what does glycolysis start with

six carbon sugar

what does glycolysis end with

3 carbon sugar

what happens during glycolysis

intermediates are oxidized electrons are transferred to electron carriers
intermediates are phosphorylated some phosphates are transferred back to ATP

what does pyruvate oxidation start with

3 carbon sugar

what does pyruvate oxidation end with

2 carbon sugar

what happens during pyruvate oxidation

during the transfer into the matrix the substrate is oxidized. electrons are transferred to electron carriers. one carbon is removed

what does the citric acid cycle (Krebbs cycle) start with

2 carbon sugar

what does the citric acid cycle (Krebbs cycle) end with

2 CO2 molecules

what happens during the citric acid cycle

electrons are removed and transferred to several different electron carriers
the last of the carbons are cut off and released

cellular respiration

a controlled catabolic process whereby cellular energy is released and made available for the cell to do work

metabolic fuels of the cells

carbohydrates, lipids, protiens

eukaryotic cells need oxygen for?

cellular respiration

what does the mitochondria use to produce ATP

carbon based molecules and oxygen

how does oxygen enter a cell

passive diffusion

what can easily pass through the membrane

hydrophobic molecules, small uncharged polar molecules

what cannot pass through the membrane

large uncharged polar molecules, ions

what increases diffusion opportunity

larger surface area per volume

bulk flow

movement of mixed fluids (liquids or gas) at rates that are faster than diffusion

how is bulk flow achieved

pressure differences

pressure

a measure of the push/collision of one object onto another object

percentage of CO2 in the atmosphere

0.04%

percentage of O2 in the atmosphere

20.93%

percentage of N2 in the atmosphere

79.04%

standard conditions

760mmHg

partial pressure formula

(Partial pressure due to oxygen, 0.2093) x (total atmospheric pressure) = pressure of just oxygen

what does partial gas pressures determine

diffusion of individual gases (movement of a single gas molecule)

total gas pressures are used to determine

bulk flow

resistance increases with

increased distance, smaller tube diameter, and increased fluid viscosity

if pressure is increased flow

increases

if resistance is increased flow

decreases

oxygen in air vs in an aquatic environment

1000 time more at any given pressure in air compared to aquatic environments

gill arches

provide structural support for each wing of exchange surfaces

gill filaments

each arch has 2 fleshy rows of flattened surfaces

gas exchange site in fish

lamellae

what type of exchange mechanism do fish use

counter current

inhalation

causes volume in lungs to increase

exhalation

causes volume in lungs to decrease

tidal volume

volume exchanged during a normal quiet breath

tidal ventilation

used by mammals a small volume of fresh air is drawn into the air sacs of the lungs to mix with a larger volume of residual air already present in the lungs

during inhalation the pressure in the lungs

decreases below the atmospheric pressure

during exhalation the pressure in the lungs

increases above the atmospheric pressure

structure of bird's lungs allows for

unidirectional airflow and increased oxygen diffusion into the blood

inhalation of birds

1. old air is moved into the anterior air sacs (volume 1)
2. fresh air is drawn into the posterior air sacs (volume 2)

exhalation of birds

1. old air is moved through the trachea and out of the body (volume 1)
2. Fresh air is pushed across the lungs (volume 2)

how many inhalation/exhalation cycles does it take to move air from the atmosphere into respiratory system then back into the atmosphere again

2

plasma makes up what percent of blood total

55%

buffy coat makes up what percent of the blood total

erythrocytes make up what percent of blood total

45%

fluid (plasma)

portion of blood where dissolved solutes are found

buffy coat

leukocytes and platelets. immune cells associated with fighting illness, platelets assist with clotting broken blood vessels

erythorocytes

red blood cells, carry gases and buffer the blood pH

blue color coding

deoxygenated

red color coding

oxygenated

how many O2 molecules can be transported on each hemoglobin

4