Exam 2
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108 Terms
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Ergometry
science that measures mechanical work
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work
\-force applied against gravity over a distance
\-Units of measure: kpm or kgm, ft·lbs, Joules (J)
\-Units of measure: kpm or kgm, ft·lbs, Joules (J)
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Ergometer
device that can be used to measure work
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Power
\-work expressed relative to time
\-Units of measure: kgm/min and Watts (W)
\-Units of measure: kgm/min and Watts (W)
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Cycle ergometery
\-D = distance traveled/rev (6 m for Monark)
\-F = resistance (Kp or Kg)
\-F = resistance (Kp or Kg)
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Calorimetry
The science that quantifies the heat release from metabolism (metabolic rate)
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Noncalorimetric Techniques
\-Actigraph
\-Pedometer
\-Fitbit
\-Garmin GPS
\-Pedometer
\-Fitbit
\-Garmin GPS
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VO₂
\-oxygen consumpion
\-resting= 250 mL/min
\-equal to inspired - expired O₂ volumes
\-resting= 250 mL/min
\-equal to inspired - expired O₂ volumes
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VCO₂
\-carbon dioxide production
\-resting= 200 mL/min
\-resting= 200 mL/min
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RQ
\-Respiratory quotient
\-CO₂/O₂ for the cell
\-CO₂/O₂ for the cell
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RER
\-Respiratory exchange ratio
\-VCO₂/VO₂ measured from expired air
\-VCO₂/VO₂ measured from expired air
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Kcal/L
energy release from metabolism per L of VO₂
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FιO₂
\-inspired fraction of oxygen
\-0.2093
\-0.2093
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FιCO₂
\-inspired fraction of carbon dioxide
\-0.0003
\-0.0003
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FιN₂
\-inspired fraction of nitrogen
\-0.7904
\-0.7904
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John Scott Haldane
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Graham Lusk
\-removed caloric release of basal protein catabolism
\-able to better discern heat release of CHO & fat
\-able to better discern heat release of CHO & fat
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conditions when RER & RQ are different
\-Hyperventilation
\-Metabolic acidosis
\-Non-SS exercise
\-Metabolic acidosis
\-Non-SS exercise
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Calculating energy expenditure
kcal= VO₂ × RER (from chart) × mins
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Rest-to-Exercise Transition
\-increase in VO2
\-reach “steady state” w/n 3-5 min
\-all metabolic demands being met
\-ATP demand met aerobically
\-state of ↑ mitochondrial respiration
\-↑ CrP & glycolysis to meet demands
\-oxygen deficit
\-reach “steady state” w/n 3-5 min
\-all metabolic demands being met
\-ATP demand met aerobically
\-state of ↑ mitochondrial respiration
\-↑ CrP & glycolysis to meet demands
\-oxygen deficit
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Rise in VO2 from start to S-S
Training state and intensity of exercise can affect the time to reach S-S!!
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Lower time to steady state
\-Mitochondria stimulated faster to meet demand
\-Prior warm-up
\-due to ↑ mass & oxidative enzyme activity
\-Prior warm-up
\-due to ↑ mass & oxidative enzyme activity
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Effect of intensity on rest to S-S transition
The larger the increment, the longer the time to steady state
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oxygen deficit
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Response to Prolonged Exercise
\-ATP primarily from mitochondrial means
\-Steady state exercise can be maintained
\-Steady state exercise can be maintained
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Response to Intense Exercise
\-VO2 ↑ rapidly
\-CrP ↓ rapidly (especially in FT motor units)
\-↑ in glycolytic rate (↑ PFK & phosphorylase activity)
\-↑ in lactate production & release
\-↑ in muscle & blood acidosis
\-CrP ↓ rapidly (especially in FT motor units)
\-↑ in glycolytic rate (↑ PFK & phosphorylase activity)
\-↑ in lactate production & release
\-↑ in muscle & blood acidosis
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response to incremental exercise
\-VO₂ increases non-linearly to VO₂max
\-lactate production & release (greatest ↑ above LT)
\-glycolytic rate & acidosis (greatest above LT)
\-lactate production & release (greatest ↑ above LT)
\-glycolytic rate & acidosis (greatest above LT)
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lactate threshold (LT)
\-point where La⁻ production exceeds removal
\-blood lactate has a curvilinear response with ↑ exercise intensity
\-blood lactate has a curvilinear response with ↑ exercise intensity
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LT physiology
\-point of “maximal SS exercise”, max intensity SS exercise is maintained
\-large ↑ glycogenolysis above LT
\-LT represents ↑ anaerobic metabolism
\-recruitment of fast-twitch motor units
\-can’t maintain prolonged exercise above LT
\-large ↑ glycogenolysis above LT
\-LT represents ↑ anaerobic metabolism
\-recruitment of fast-twitch motor units
\-can’t maintain prolonged exercise above LT
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exercise intensity at LT
\-best measurement for predicting performance
\-middle to long distance events
\-5K to marathon
\-higher LT, faster one can sustain pace
\-middle to long distance events
\-5K to marathon
\-higher LT, faster one can sustain pace
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excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
\-elevated VO₂ following exercise
\-very minimal increase above resting VO₂
\-exercise intensity & duration dependent
\-most meaningful after high-intensity exercise & less-trained individuals
\-very minimal increase above resting VO₂
\-exercise intensity & duration dependent
\-most meaningful after high-intensity exercise & less-trained individuals
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fast EPOC
\-restore CrP
\-La⁻ oxidation
\-reload Hb/Mb
\-La⁻ oxidation
\-reload Hb/Mb
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slow EPOC
\-thermoregulation
\-↑ HR & Vε
\-glycogen resynthesis
\-↑ cats
\-CO₂ removal
\-↑ HR & Vε
\-glycogen resynthesis
\-↑ cats
\-CO₂ removal
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glycogen synthesis
glucose to glycogen
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glycogenolysis
glycogen to glucose
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gluconeogenesis
\-making glucose from other sources than CHO
\-glycerol, amino acids, and lactate
\-glycerol, amino acids, and lactate
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body stores of fuel: CHO
dietary carbohydrates → digestion of polysaccharides and disaccharides → absorption and storage of glucose → muscle (250-600g), liver (90-110g), blood (5-15g)
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body stores of fuel: fat (TGL)
dietary fat → digestion in stomach and small intestine → absorption of fatty acids in small intestine → transport to and release from liver → muscle (150-300g), adipose tissue (7500-12000g), blood (∼5g)
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plasma FFA (adipose tissue)
source during lower intensity exercise
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intramuscular TGL
\-major source during mod-high intensity
\-usage affected by training status
\-usage affected by training status
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body stores of fuel: protein
\-used as emergency source via gluconeogenesis
\-little use during rest & exercise (≤5%)
\-can ↑ up to 10-15% late in prolonged exercise
\-little use during rest & exercise (≤5%)
\-can ↑ up to 10-15% late in prolonged exercise
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purpose of fuel metabolism
maintain blood glucose homeostasis
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low-intensity exercise
\-≤ 30% VO₂max
\-fats are primary fuel
\-the lower the exercise intensity and the better the training status, the longer the time to muscle glycogen depletion
\-fats are primary fuel
\-the lower the exercise intensity and the better the training status, the longer the time to muscle glycogen depletion
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high-intensity exercise
\-> 70% VO₂max
\-CHO are primary fuel
\-CHO are primary fuel
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crossover concept
\-shift from fat to CHO as exercise intensity increases
\-due to:
-recruitment of FT MUs
-increasing blood levels of Epi-
-increasing rate of glycolysis overtakes beta-oxidation
for ATP
\-due to:
-recruitment of FT MUs
-increasing blood levels of Epi-
-increasing rate of glycolysis overtakes beta-oxidation
for ATP
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during prolonged exercise
\-shift from CHO toward fat metabolism
\-increased rate of lipolysis
\-due to ↑ lipase activity (activated by cats)
\-↓ muscle glycogen stores
\-> 2 hrs with mod-high intensity
\-increased rate of lipolysis
\-due to ↑ lipase activity (activated by cats)
\-↓ muscle glycogen stores
\-> 2 hrs with mod-high intensity
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fuel mix during prolonged exercise
\-predominantly glycogen early (30-45 min)
\-glucose and FFA usage increases
\-glucose usage decreases & FFA usage increases (>60 min)
\-protein usage slowly increases as glucose decreases
\-glucose and FFA usage increases
\-glucose usage decreases & FFA usage increases (>60 min)
\-protein usage slowly increases as glucose decreases
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CV system conponents
\-heart & blood
\-systemic circulation
\-pulmonary circulation
\-systemic circulation
\-pulmonary circulation
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CV system purposes
\-deliver O₂ to tissues & transport CO₂ to lungs
\-transport nutrients & hormones to tissues
\-maintain thermoregulation & blood pH
\-maintain blood pressure (most important)
\-transport nutrients & hormones to tissues
\-maintain thermoregulation & blood pH
\-maintain blood pressure (most important)
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blood components
\-5 liters in system
\-55% plasma
\-45% formed elements (RBC, WBC, & platelets)
\-55% plasma
\-45% formed elements (RBC, WBC, & platelets)
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hematocrit
\-% RBC’s in blood
\-∼40-45% males
\-∼35-40% females
\-∼40-45% males
\-∼35-40% females
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polycythemia
excess production of RBC’s hematocrit’s (>60%)
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ergogenic aid alert
removal & reinfusion of RBC’s to:
\-↑ hemoglobin concentraion
\-↑ O₂ carrying capacity
\-↑ hemoglobin concentraion
\-↑ O₂ carrying capacity
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ergogenic aid process
\-remove 1 unit every 4-8 weeks (up to 3 in total)
\-reinfuse ∼1 week prior to competition
\-reinfuse ∼1 week prior to competition
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superior vena cava
1
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right coronary artery
2
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inferior vena cava
3
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aorta
4
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pulmonary trunk
5
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great cardiac vein
6
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left anterior descending artery
7
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right pulmonary artery
1
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tricuspid valve
2
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chordae tendinae
3
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papillary muscle
4
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aortic valve
5
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left pulmonary artery
6
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pulmonary valve
7
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mitral valve
8
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the heart
\-250-350g
\-size of your fist
\-12-14 cm long
\-RV folds, LV twists
\-size of your fist
\-12-14 cm long
\-RV folds, LV twists
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myocardium
\-a little different than skeletal muscle
\-cells are interconnected
\-action potential spreads from cell to cell promotes synchronicity
\-very high amount of ST muscle fibers
\-no motor units
\-cells are interconnected
\-action potential spreads from cell to cell promotes synchronicity
\-very high amount of ST muscle fibers
\-no motor units
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veins
\-high compliance vessel (capacitance vessels)
\-can hold increased blood volumes
\-contain valves to direct flow one-way
\-can hold increased blood volumes
\-contain valves to direct flow one-way
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arteries
\-high elasticity (windkessel vessels)
\-property provides constant blood flow
\-property provides constant blood flow
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arterioles
\-primary function: blood flow regulation
\-contain smooth muscle (SNS controlled)
\-resistance vessels, ↓ blood velocity
\-contain smooth muscle (SNS controlled)
\-resistance vessels, ↓ blood velocity
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capillaries
\-thin walled, one-layer of cells, porous
\-exchange of gases & nutrients
\-exchange of gases & nutrients
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venules
\-on venous side of capillaries
\-fluid & molecule exchange
\-fluid & molecule exchange
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systemic circuit
\-flow from high to low pressure
\-capillaries= lowest velocity & highest cross sectional area
\-arterioles= greatest drop in BP
\-capillaries= lowest velocity & highest cross sectional area
\-arterioles= greatest drop in BP
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pulmonary circuit
\-lower pressures compared to systemic
\-cross sectional area very high
\-cross sectional area very high
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cardiac output (Q)
\-volume of blood pumped per min
\-HR×SV
\-avg= 5 L/min
\-HR×SV
\-avg= 5 L/min
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stroke volume (SV)
\-volume of blood ejected per beat (mL/beat)
\-EDV-ESV
\-EDV-ESV
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EDV
end-diastolic volume
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ESV
end-systolic volume
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heart rate (HR)
heart beats per min (bpm)
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ejection fraction (%EF)
\-% of blood pumped by ventricle each beat
\-(SV/EDV)×100
\-normal is 60% at rest
\-(SV/EDV)×100
\-normal is 60% at rest
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mean arterial pressure (MAP)
\-average pressure in the arteries
\-major determinant of flow through arteries
\-\[(SBP-DBP)/3\]+DBP
\-major determinant of flow through arteries
\-\[(SBP-DBP)/3\]+DBP
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rate-pressure product (RPP)
\-SBP×HR
\-measure of myocardial work
\-reflects mVO₂
\-measure of myocardial work
\-reflects mVO₂
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total peripheral resistance (TPR)
\-MAP/Q
\-resistance to flow in CV system
\-↓ with ↑ exercise intensity
\-resistance to flow in CV system
\-↓ with ↑ exercise intensity
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phase 1 cardiac cycle
\-ventricular filling
\-AV valves open, semilunar valves closed
\-occurs during mid to late diastole
\-atrial kick: atria contracts
\-up to 60% more blood
\-AV valves open, semilunar valves closed
\-occurs during mid to late diastole
\-atrial kick: atria contracts
\-up to 60% more blood
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phase 2 cardiac cycle
\-isovolumetric contraction
\-all valves closed
\-first part of systole
\-pressure is building in ventricles, pressure needs to be more than diastole
\-all valves closed
\-first part of systole
\-pressure is building in ventricles, pressure needs to be more than diastole
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phase 3 cardiac cycle
\-ejection
\-blood movement/emptying heart
\-once pressure in ventricles exceeds aortic/pulmonary pressure blood leaves the heart
\-blood movement/emptying heart
\-once pressure in ventricles exceeds aortic/pulmonary pressure blood leaves the heart
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phase 4 cardiac cycle
\-isovolumetric relaxation
\-first phase of diastole
\-all valves closed
\-starts when ventricular pressure falls below aortic/pulmonary pressure
\-AV valves open once ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure
\-first phase of diastole
\-all valves closed
\-starts when ventricular pressure falls below aortic/pulmonary pressure
\-AV valves open once ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure
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steady-state and recovery
\-resting HR
\-↓ with age & endurance training
\-↓ with age & endurance training
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4 factors that regulate SV
1)preload: intrinsic regulation
2)ventricular chamber size: cross-sectional area
3)ventricular contractility: extrinsic regulation
4)afterload: aortic/PA pressure
2)ventricular chamber size: cross-sectional area
3)ventricular contractility: extrinsic regulation
4)afterload: aortic/PA pressure
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Otto Frank
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Ernest Starling
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preload (EDV)
\-stretch or load placed on the myocardium
\-”Frank-Starling Law of the heart” (intrinsic)
\-”Frank-Starling Law of the heart” (intrinsic)
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Frank-Starling Law of the heart
\-increased “stretch” on myocardium→increase EDV
\-change in fiber length → ↑ force of contraction
\-change in fiber length → ↑ force of contraction
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ventricular contractility
\-no change in fiber length → ↑ force of contraction (extrinsic)
\-accomplished through: direct neural stimulation and blood catecholamines
\-accomplished through: direct neural stimulation and blood catecholamines
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afterload
\-resistance that must be overcome by ventricles
\-aortic pressure or TPR
\-reducing resistance results in ↑ SV
\-inversely related to SV
\-myocardium must generate more tension to eject blood
\-aortic pressure or TPR
\-reducing resistance results in ↑ SV
\-inversely related to SV
\-myocardium must generate more tension to eject blood
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SV & exercise
\-to increase VO₂max you need to increase your stroke volume
\-best way to do this is through interval training
\-best way to do this is through interval training
Note 
Flashcards (136)