English Language Paper 1

Lexicon

A particular set of words

Mental stative verbs

Mental stative verbs describe an intrinsic process.

Ex: thought about a book, loved her partner, believe in ghosts

Verb moods

Indicative, imperative, interrogative, conditional, and subjunctive.

A free morpheme...

A free morpheme can stand on its own

Lexis is the biggest level and is all about the words used. When we are talking about the lexis of a text...?

We mean the words it uses.

what acronym to remember co-ordinating conjunctions

The acronym 'FANBOYS' can help you to remember them:

For.

And.

Nor.

But.

Or.

Yet.

So.

Lexeme

Singular of lexis

The framework of lexis can be broken down into a number of different categories. Once you have learned these categories, what term are you not allowed to use in the exam?

Ditch the phrase 'the word' and use more precise terminology to describe lexis you are talking about.

Common nouns

used to name non-specific people, places, or things. Examples: house, dog, broom, happy

Proper nouns

Name specific People, animals, places, and things.

They always begin with a capital letter.

Ex. John, New York, Mt. Rushmore

Concrete nouns?

Concrete nouns are things you can touch

Ex: Phone, Pen, Table, Dog

Abstract nouns

Emotions!

Ex: anger, sadness, passion

Collective nouns

Nouns to describe groups

Ex: Flock of birds, litter of kittens, swarm of bees, mob of people, Harry Potter series

Base adjectives?

Base adjectives are just plain adjectives without anything suffixed (added onto the end) onto a word

Ex: big, pretty, high

Comparative adjectives

Shows comparisons. when the '-er' suffix is added onto the end of a base adjective

Ex: older, safer, louder

Superlative adjectives

The '-est' suffix is added onto the end of a base adjective.

Ex: biggest, prettiest and highest.

Main verb

describes the main action of the clause.

Ex: eats, walks, sleeps

Auxiliary verb

An auxiliary verb is a verb which helps the main verb of the sentence.

Ex: do and be.

These verbs can also be used to express possibility.

Ex: can, might and will.

(These particular auxiliary verbs are described as modal auxiliary verbs.)

Copular verb

A copular verb links the subject to a noun or adjective that complements the subject.

Gives more information on a subject

Ex: Matthew smells funny, Jayden WAS running funny

The most common copular verb is the verb 'is' (and all of its conjugations like am, were and are).

Other examples are: appear, seem, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, become and get.

What verb is "was"?

"Fanny was destined to fail"

Copular verb

Dynamic verbs

actions that can start and end

Ex: shout, hit, build, sing

These verbs can either be material or verbal

Material verbs

Verbs concerned with events

Ex: Drove, parked, melted

These are material dynamic verbs

Verbal verbs

Concerned with communication

Ex: sang, spoke, shouted

These are verbal dynamic verbs

Stative verbs

Verbs that express states of being or processes

Ex: think, believe, love

These can be broken down into mental (cognitive) or relational.

Relational stative verbs

Relational stative verbs show the relation between things or show a state of being.

Ex: became an author, owns three cars, contains a box

When verbs have a direct object, we can describe them as being...?

TRANSITIVE!

When verbs DO NOT have a direct object, we can describe them as being...?

INTRANSITIVE!

Intransitive verb example

The sun SHONE brightly

The baby SMILED

Barbie WEPT

Transitive verb example

I HIT the ball

Sally ATE the cake

Matt BAKED the bread

Active voice

Expresses an action done by its subject.

Active voice example

Ryan PLAYED the character well.

Christian LOVED his wife.

I WANT to sleep.

Passive voice

When the subject is being acted on, the verb uses the passive voice.

Passive voice example

The character WAS PLAYED well by Ryan.

Christian's wife WAS LOVED by Christian.

I WAS OVERCOME by sleep.

Imperative mood

give commands

Ex: Listen to me!, Hurry up, Make me something

Indicative mood

states a fact or asks a question

Ex: He will talk, he plays the game, he visited the house

Interrogative mood

asks a question

Ex: Have you read this, will you do this, are you friends?

Conditional mood

Expresses a proposition

Ex: I would live in London, We would have had a party, i would like to eat

Subjunctive mood

describes a hypothetical situation

Ex: It's important you agree, I RECCOMENND that you buy it, if i were you, I WOULD watch out!

Adverbs

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.

Categories of adverbs

Place, manner, time, frequency

Adverb of place example

Inside, outside, near, close to

Adverb of manner example

Happily, angrily, sadly, depressingly

Adverb of time example

Soon, tomorrow, later, yesterday

Adverb of frequency example

Always, never, sometimes, occasionally

Possessive Pronouns example

The ring is MINE, I'm not YOURS

Relative pronouns

Link the noun to a clause

Relative pronouns example

Izzy, WHO played the flute, had a gig.

Drugs, WHICH are bad for you, are expensive

The book, WHEN it was published, was popular

Demonstrative pronouns

directs attention to something

Demonstrative pronouns example

Jess owns THIS car

THOSE boys are very good.

THESE students work well.

Definite article

(like 'the'), it's used when there is something specific

Ex: the door, the house, the boy

Definite article example

We are going for a drive in THE car

Open THESE windows, please.

THE police officer could not catch THE thief.

Indefinite article

(like 'a') is used for something more general

Indefinite article example

Choose A door, any door

Can you pick up A carrot?

I want A house by the sea

Quantifiers

Determiners which can be specific or general and display a quantity.

We insert a determiner before a noun. There are two main types of determiners: articles and quantifiers.

Quantifiers examples

Henry VIII had SIX wives.

I have LOTS OF friends.

I only have A FEW pens.

I have MANY different pairs of socks.

Subordinating conjunctions

A subordinating clause is a part of a sentence that adds additional information to the main clause. A subordinating conjunction is simply the word/words that is used to join a subordinating clause to another clause or sentence.

Synonyms

Words that have the same meaning but are different words.

Antonyms

Words that mean the opposite.

EX: antonyms of beautiful are ugly, horrible and disgusting.

One thing to look at is how a word is formed - this is the study of....

Morphology

Types of morphemes

free morphemes and bound morphemes

A bound morpheme

A morpheme that must be "bound" with another morpheme to form a word. Ex: un, ish, es, ed, pre

Morphology example

Free morpheme: attractive.

With a prefix-bound morpheme: UNattractive.

With a suffix-bound morpheme: attractiveLY.

Free morpheme: figure.

With a prefix-bound morpheme: DISfigure.

With a suffix-bound morpheme: figurINE.

Free morpheme: mature.

With a prefix-bound morpheme: PREmature.

With a suffix-bound morpheme: matureLY.

What's a morpheme

smallest unit of meaning and they make up all words

A minor sentence...?

A minor sentence or fragment is NOT an independent full sentence.

For example: 'that is great'.

SVO meaning

Subject, verb, object

Simple sentence

A sentence with a single subject and the SVO (subject, verb, object) order.

For example: 'the cat sat on the mat'.

Compound sentence

A single sentence with two simple sentences joined by a conjunction.

Ex: 'The cat sat on the mat and licked his paws'.

(and, but etc)

complex sentence

A single sentence which contains a main clause and a subordinate clause.

The subordinate clause can be isolated from the sentence, but won't make sense.

The main clause can be isolated from the sentence and still make sense.

Subordinate clause

Subordinate clauses are indicated by commas and can appear at any point in the sentences.

Ex: 'ALTHOUGH HE IS SHY, Jascha has lots of friends.'

Parentheical clauses

We give a subordinate clause a special name when it occurs in brackets or dashes. We call these parenthetical clauses.

Ex: Cameron answered the phone *(even though he did not want to).*

Relative clauses

Relative clauses use a relative pronoun

Ex: 'the cat*, who was sitting on the mat,* licked his paws'.

What are noun phrases

A noun phrase is words around a noun.

The head word is surrounded by some form of description.

Ex: 'the old rusty CAR on the drive'.

Noun phrase example

The sweet, little BIRD with bright wings.

The angry, snarling DOG with great fangs.

The fat MAN with bulging rolls.

Verb phrases

A verb phrase is words around a verb.

Ex: 'Dan DROVE the car down the road'.

You CANT say Past, present and future tense in the exam, what must you say instead?

Past/present/future PERFECT tense.

Collocates are...

words that are linked through common association

Ex: Salt and pepper, Ant and Dec

Graphology

All about how a text appears.

Graphology example

if a headline contains the words 'MUST READ', you may talk about how the norms of formatting have been manipulated.

Orthography

is all about spelling

Hyponyms

words that can be included in a larger, more general category

(e.g. the hyponyms car, bus, aeroplane are a form of the hypernym transport).

Euphemism

An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant

Ex: put the dog down, downsize the company

Which discipline looks at spelling?

Orthography

Limited

Doesn't know everything

Omniscient

Knows everything

Emotive lanugage

Induces emotion

Rhetorical question

Question not intended to be answered

Inclusive pronouns

We, etc.

Metaphor

Comparison (using "was" instead of "like", for example)

Alliteration

Saying the same sound in several subsequent words

Repetition/Parallels

Repeating something (a structure, phrase, etc.)

Understatement

Downplaying something

Colloquial language

Common/conversational language

Idiomatic language

Language only understood to a certain group of people

Allusion

Referencing the Bible or other such texts

Discourse markers

Move text along smoothly ("but", "so", etc.)

Structure/form

Ordering and composition of linguistic units of varying complexities, etc.

Tricolon

Repetition in group of three

Anaphora

Repetition at the beginning of separate clauses

Cataphoric reference

A word referring to something that comes later in a sentence

Epiphora

Repetition at the end of separate clauses