AP Physcology Unit 1-4 Review
Studied by 34 people
Learn
Practice Test
Spaced Repetition
Match
Flashcards1/244
Earn XP
Description and Tags
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
|---|
No study sessions yet.
245 Terms
mind and body are seperate
“why do we act this way”
provides a growth environment
self realization
he believed in psychodynamic/psychoanalysis
proposed conscious is a continuous stream.
developed a method called introspection
he used humanistic approaches.
behaviors followed by rewards happen in the future, but if it results in consequence it happens in the moment.
looked at a person from an outside point of view no mental.
made up of complex nerves and cells known as neurons that transmits information
primary control center of the body
where all sensory input occurs and where motor commands begin
brain center of our thoughts, while the spinal cord transfer info from the brain and entire body
connects our sensory and motor neurons to the CNS
split up into the autonomic and somatic
counter reacts the sympathetic
sympathizes with our emotions
made up of the :
central body (soma)
axon (that transfers the information)
dendrites (receive the message)
helps transfer info quickly to the terminal buttons
carries chemial signals from one neuron to the next target cell
excites nerve cell and causes it to fire off a message
ex. a black widow biting you and you scream or hit it
ex. drugs or anticipating a text message
low levels of seratonin can lead to depression
ex. laughter coming from getting tickled
ex. it contracts such as an epi pen
ex. behavior when your drunk
ex. when we exercise we release endorphins
consists of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, and the reproductive gland
helps maintain homeostasis
controls most of the other endocrine glands
known as the “master gland”
gland in the brain
controls metabolism and growth
helps arouse the body in times of stress
“fight or flight”
composed of estrogen, progesterone, and testerone
can affect our behavior such as a girl on her period or when a boy goes through puberty
in the brain also where it controls emotion
estrogen increases serotonin and the number of serotonin in the brain
supports menstruation and helps with pregnancy
if progesterone is low it can make periods irregular, affect our ability to get pregnant and give us headaches
helps develop of male reproductive organs.
responsible for male behaviors also
high levels of testosterone can increase anger levels
antagonist: opposes a certain action/enhanceant
brainstem
the oldest part of the central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull
responsible for automatic survival functions (breathing, consciousness , breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, sleeping, etc)
Medulla
base of the brainstem
controls heartbeat and breathing
Thalamus
the brains sensory control center (besides smell)
located at the top of the brain stem
directs messages to sensory areas in cortex and transmits replies to cerebellum and medulla
plays a role in sleep, learning , and memory
Reticular Formation
a nerve network that travels through the brainstem into thalamus
plays important role in controlling arousal, behavioral, mood related functions
Cerebullum
known as the “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem
functions: processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory.
Limbic System
contains the amygdala, hypothalamus and hippocampus
functions: emotion, sexual stimulation and learning
Amygadala
two lima bean sized neural clusters in limbic system
linked to emotion especially fear, anxiety, aggression
Hypothalamus
Directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
linked o emotion and reward
Hippocampus
a neural center located in the limbic system
helps process for storage explicit (conscious) memories of facts and events
Corpus Callosum
Axon fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.
allows information to transmit from one side of the brain to the other
Pons
coordinate movement and helps control sleep
Cerebral cortex
ultimate control and information processing center
Frontal Lobes
portion of cerebral cortex that lies jus behind the forehead
involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements, social interactions, impulse control, memory
Parietal Lobes
portion of cerebral cortex lying at the top of head and toward the rear
receives sensory input for touch and body position, taste, hearing, sight and smell
Occipital Lobes
portion of cerebral cortext lying at the back of the head
receives information from visual fields, face recognition, and memory formation
Temporal lobes
the portion of cerebral cortex lying above the ears
processes auditory information and helps with encoding memory
Motor Cortex
an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
Somatosensory Cortex
an area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
helps us location specific sensations that arise in the body
Association Areas
areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking and speaking.
found in ALL 4 lobes
Wernicke’s Area
controls the ability to understand the meaning of words
Broca’s Area
the ability to be able to speak
Left hemisphere
primarily responsible for speech and abstract thinking
controls the right side of the body
Right hemisphere
responsible for image processing, spatial thinking
controls left side of the body
Priming
the activiation often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s percepetion, memoery, or response
ex. a kid may see candy by a bench, so the next time they see a bench they might think of candy
Weber’s law
the princiciple that, to be percieved as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percantage (rather than a constant amount)
x amount to know the difference
ex. someone may react to a quiet tv sound when it suddenly goes loud, but wont notice if slowly increaases in volume
Sensory adaptation
diminished sensitivity as a consquence of constant stimulation
ex. when walking into a room you smell garlic but as you stay in the room longer, the smell starts to go away
Bottum-up processing
sensory anaylsis that begins at enetry level with infromation flowing receptions to the brain
ex. stubbing your toe on a chair; the pain receptors detect pain and sends the signals to your brain
Top-down processing
information processing guided by high-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions by filtering infromation through our experince and expectations
ex. if you see the chair you stubbed your toe on before and you avoid it to make sure it doesnt happen again
Sensory Receptors
sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli
Selective attention
the focusing of conscious awareness of particular stimulus
ex. if a class is loud, you will focus on the class mates rather than the teacher
Inattentional blindness
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
ex. when a person is driving they are mainly foucsed on other cars and nothing else
Transduction
conversion of one form of enrgy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds and smells into neural impulues our brain can interpret
3 steps: recieves, transfsorms (sent to the brain ), deliver
A high difference threshold equals
one would have to change a stimulus a lot in for it to be noticeable
Absolute Threshold
the minium stimulus energy needed to detecta particular stimulus 50 percent of the time
(all of it)
Difference Threshold
the miniumum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 eprcent of the time also known as JND
(never great enough)