Cell (Part 1)

Cell

The Smallest unit of a living thing.

The basic building blocks of all organism

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

define the aggregation of cells into organism in a correct order

microscope

It is an important instrument that magnify an object

micrographs

The image of cells that are taken with a microscope is called ___________

400

Light microscopes can magnify cells up to approx. ___ times

Dissecting microscope

A type of microscope that have lower magnification than light microscope and are used to examine larger objects such as tissues

Cytotechnologists

professionals who study cells through microscopic examinations and other laboratory tests

Pathologist

professionals /medical doctors who can make a clinical diagnosis when cytotechnologists notice an abnormality

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Who observed the movements of protists and sperm which he collectively called animacules

Van Leeuwenhoek

In 1670, who discovered bacteria and protozoa

animacules

Antony van leeuwenhoek collectively termed __________ referring to protists and sperms

Micrographia

Robert Hooke coined the term cell in his publication named ______________

Robert Hooke

Who coined the term cell?

cella

What is the Latin counter part of the word cell (meaning small room )?

cork tissue

What tissue is being observed by Hooke when he coined the term cell?

Cell theory

It is a theory that states that all living things are composed of one or more cells, the basic unit of life, and that all new cells arise from existing cells.

M.J Schleiden & Theodor Schwann

Who are the proponents of Cell theory?

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

Enumerate 2 types of cells

animal cells

plant cells

fungal cells

protist

Give an example of eukaryotic cells

bacteria

archaea

Give an example of prokaryotic cells

Plasma Membrane

Cytoplasm

DNA

Ribosomes

All cells regardless of type share four common components; kindly enumerate.

prokaryotic cell

This cell refers to single celled (unicellular) organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane bound organelle

nucleoid

The DNA of prokaryotic cell is found in the central part of the cell called as ____________

peptidoglycan

Bacteria's cell wall is made of _____________

polysaccharide capsule

Peptidoglycan comprised of sugars and amino acids and enclosed in a _______________ _________

capsule

in prokaryotes, this ______________ enables the cell to attach to surfaces in its environment

flagella, pili

Prokaryotes have ______________ used for locomotion , while __________ are used to exchange genetic material

conjugation

This refers to the type of reproduction of most prokaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cell

A cell that has a membrane bound nucleus and other membrane bound compartments or sacs, often called as organelles.

true kernel, true nucleus

What English terms were used to derive the word eukaryotic?

organelle

The __________ means little organ that have specialized cellular functions

Plasma Membrane

It is an organelle is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins with components such as cholesterol and carbohydrates

Phospholipid

It is a lipid molecule composed of 2 fatty acid chains, a glycerol backbone, and phosphate group

cytoplasm

An organelle that comprises the content of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope

70-80, semi solid

Cytoplasm consist of ______ to _______% water and has a _______-________ consistency

protein synthesis

What type of metabolic reaction occurs in cytoplasm?

Cytoskeleton

It is an organelle that maintains the shape of the cell, secures certain organelles, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell and enables unicellular organism to move independently.

microfilament

The thinnest of the cytoskeletal fibers and function in moving cellular components for cell division

Intermediate filaments

It has a intermediate diameter and have structural functions such as maintaining the shaped of the cell and anchoring organelles

microtubules

The thickest and hollow tubes that can dissolve and reform quickly

Centrosome

It is a region near the nucleus of animal cells that functions a microtubule organizing center

centrioles

Centrosome contains pair of _____________, two structures that lie perpendicular to each other

true

True or False:

centrosome replicates itself before a cell divides

Flagella

It is long, hair-like structures that extend from the plasma membrane and are used to move an entire cell

Cilia

it is short, hair-like structures that are used to move entire cells (such as paramecium) or move substances along the outer surface of the cell

The endomembrane system

It is a group of membranes and organelles that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.

It consist of nuclear envelope, lysosome, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus

nuclear envelope

The outermost boundary of the nucleus is known as _____________________. It is punctuated with pores that control the passage of ions, molecules and RNA between the nucleoplasm

Chromosomes

These are structures within the nucleus that are made of DNA, the hereditary material

nucleus

The _______ houses the cell's DNA in the form of chromatin and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

chromatin

The combination of DNA and proteins is called ___________

Nucleolus

this aggregates the ribosomal RNA with associated proteins to assemble the ribosomal subunits that are then transported through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm

rough endoplasmic reticulum

An organelle named because the ribosomes attached to its cytoplasmic surface give it a studded appearance when viewed through an electron microscope

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

This is an organelle continuous with RER but has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface.

lumen or cisternal space

It is the hollow portion of the endoplasmic reticulum tubules

Golgi Apparatus

This is an organelle in which sorting, tagging and packaging, distribution of lipids and proteins take place. It is also a series of flattened membranous sacs

Lysosome

In animal cells, this organelle are the cell's garbage disposal. Digestive enzymes within the ________________ aid the breakdown of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles.

lower, more acidic

The enzymes in the lysosome are active at a much ______ pH than those located in the cytoplasm

Vacuoles

This is an organelle larger than vesicles. They are used for storage and function

Vesicles

This organelle (a membrane bound sac) can fuse with other membranes within the cell system. Enzymes within plant vacuoles can break down macromolecule

Ribosomes

These are enzyme complexes that are responsible for protein synthesis

Mitochondrial matrix

The are in a phospholipid bilayer that is surrounded by the folds is called _____________

Mitochondria

The powerhouse or energy factories of a cell, responsible for making ATP

they are oval shaped, double membrane organelles

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

The cell main energy carrying molecule

Cellular respiration

A process of the formation of ATP from the breakdown of glucose

Peroxisomes

The organelle that carry out oxidation reactions that breakdown fatty acids and amino acids

cellulose

The plant cell wall is called as _________

thylakoids

Chloroplasts have outer and inner membranes, but within the space enclosed by a chloroplast's inner membrane is a set of interconnected and stacked, fluid-filled membrane sacs called ______________-

granum

stack of thylakoids is called as ___________

stroma

The fluid enclosed by the inner membrane and surrounding the grana is called _____________

Chlorophyll

The chloroplasts contain a green pigment called ________, which captures the energy of sunlight for photosynthesis

Symbiosis

a relationship in which organisms from two separate species live in close association and typically exhibit specific adaptations to each other

Endosymbiosis

a relationship in which one organism lives inside the other

central vacuole

This organelle found in plants plays a key role in regulating the cell's concentration of water in changing environmental conditions

Tissue factor

protein receptor

Plasmodesmata

are junctions between plant cells, whereas animal cell contacts include tight and gap junctions, and desmosomes. This are numerous channels that pass between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells, connecting their cytoplasm and enabling signal molecules and nutrients to be transported from cell to cell

Tight Junction

watertight seal between two adjacent animal cells

Desmosomes

act like spot welds between adjacent epithelial cells. They keep cells together in a sheet-like formation in organs and tissues that stretch, like the skin, heart, and muscles

Gap Junctions

A junction found animal cells are like plasmodesmata in plant cells in that they are channels between adjacent cells that allow for the transport of ions, nutrients, and other substances that enable cells to communicate. Structurally, however, gap junctions and plasmodesmata differ.

Cell Membrane

Also known as the plasma membrane, a biological structure that surrounds and encloses the contents of a cell

Physical Barrier

Selective Permeability

Transport

Cell Signaling

Cell Adhesion

Enumerate the key features and function of cell membrane

Fluid Mosaic Model

It is a concept in cell biology that describes the structure and behavior of a biological membrane, such as the cell membrane (plasma membrane) found in cells

Hydrophobic (water repellent)

Hydrophilic (Water attracting)

Enumerate the 2 layers of lipid molecules as the core structure of membrane

Integral Protein

Peripheral Proteins

Identify the 2 types of protein that are associated with lipid bilayer

Proteins that are partially or wholly immersed in the membrane called __________

Protein are only attached to the membrane's surface called as ______________

Carbohydrates

Molecules that are often attached to proteins that play roles in cell recognition, signaling and adhesion

Passive Transport

It is a mechanism by which substances move across a cell membrane without the expenditure of energy by the cell . It relies on the natural physical properties of molecules and the concentration gradient of these molecules

Selective Permeability

It refers to the property of a cell membrane that allows it to selectively control the substances that can pass through it

Diffusion

the natural tendency of molecules to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until they are evenly distributed.

Facilitated Transport

a type of passive transport that involves the movement of specific molecules across a cell membrane with the help of transport proteins

Osmosis

a specific type of passive transport that involves the movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane, such as a cell membrane. It is driven by differences in water concentration and does not require the cell to expend energy.

Tonicity

a concept in passive transport that describes how a solution (a liquid containing solutes like salt or sugar) affects the shape and water balance of cells

Hypertonic Solution

A type of Tonicity solution that has a higher concentration of solutes (e.g., salt or sugar) compared to the inside of a cell.

Hypotonic

A type of tonicity solution that has a lower concentration of solutes compared to the inside of a cell. When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water tends to move into the cell, causing it to swell and potentially burst.

Isotonic Solution

type of tonic solution that has the same concentration of solutes as the inside of a cell. When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, there is no net movement of water in or out of the cell.

Active Transport

a biological process that moves molecules or ions across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration . This movement requires the expenditure of energy, usually in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Electrochemical Gradient

a critical concept in active transport, especially in the context of moving ions (charged particles) across a cell membrane. It combines two factors: the concentration gradient (difference in ion concentration) and the electrical gradient (difference in electrical charge) across the membrane.

Endocytosis

a cellular process that involves the active transport of large molecules, particles, or even entire cells into a cell by engulfing them with the cell membrane. It's a form of active transport because it requires energy to occur

Phagocytosis

A type of Endocytosis often referred to as "cell eating . "specialized cells, such as white blood cells known as macrophages and certain types of immune cells, engulf large particles, such as bacteria, dead cells, or other debris.

Phagosome

A vesicle formed where the cell membrane extends. These were combined with lysosomes which contain enzymes that break down the engulfed material

Pinacytosis

A type of endocytosis often called "cell drinking . " In this process, the cell engulfs small dissolved molecules and fluids from its surroundings . The cell membrane forms small vesicles called pinocytic vesicles to take in these substances

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

A type of endocytosis that is a highly specific and efficient process by which cells take in specific molecules from their external environment using receptors on their cell membrane . It is a form of endocytosis and is often used by cells to internalize large molecules, such as proteins, lipoproteins, hormones, and even viruses, that cannot pass through the cell membrane through simple diffusion or passive transport