Biology Final Exam

Cell cycle

cell's life span

Chromatin

when DNA is long and string; takes this form when there is a nucleus present

Chromosome

DNA that is tightly coiled up for protection because the nucleus has disappeared

Chromatid

1 strand of DNA; 2 sister.... make up an X shaped chromosome

Interphase

G1, S, G2

G1

Cell growth, learn how to function, carry out their functions, cell decides whether to reproduce

S (synthesis)

DNA replication- unwinds, unhooks, splits apart, and new nucleotides match up in correct order, happens in the nucleus, 2 new copies of DNA still stay attached to each other

G2

makes copies of organelles and grows bigger

Centromere

area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

Prophase

Centrioles moves opposite of the cell and start producing spindle fibers, DNA coils up into a chromosome, nucleus disappears, spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

DNA copies are pulled apart (centromere breaks) and move to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase

when the cell squeezes in the middle and starts to split in half, nuclei begin to reform, DNA goes back to looking like chromatin

Cytokinesis

2 cells completely separate, and results in 2 identical cells and started with 46 pieces of DNA and ended 46 pieces of DNA

Spindle Fibers

form a protein structure that divides the genetic material in a cell

Cell Life Cycle

interphase(G1,S,G2), prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis

Karyotype

an organized picture of all the chromosomes from one cell; used to diagnose some genetic disorders

Haploid

1 set of chromosomes

Diploid

2 sets of chromosomes

Gamete

egg and sperm cells are...

Somatic Cells

regular body cells (diploid)

Zygote

the cell formed when the egg and sperm come together (diploid)

Autosomes

\#1-22; non sex chromosomes

Point Mutation

gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed

Inversion Mutation

when part of a chromosome breaks and reattaches (to the same chromosome) upside down

Deletion Mutation

when a chromosome completely loses a segment

Chromosomal Mutation

A change in the chromosome structure, resulting in new gene combinations.

Nondisjunction

Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate; common cause of polysomy and monosomy

describe the changes of the somatic cell during the cell life cycle and mitosis

describe the changes of the somatic cell during the cell life cycle and mitosis

be able to determine the four main phases of mitosis

be able to determine the four main phases of mitosis

Meiosis

goal: to make haploid gametes
location: in the ovaries/ in the testes
preparations: G1, S, G2starts with diploid cell

Prophase 1

nucleus disappears, DNA condenses into chromosomes, centrioles move to opp ends and produce spindle fibers and homologous chromosomes find each other

Metaphase 1

homologous pairs line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase 1

homologous pairs are separated and move towards opp ends of the cell

Telophase 1

cell begins to pinch apart sometimes a new nucleus forms new cells are not identical .5 the og amount of DNA (1 set) and are now haploid

Crossing Over

when sister chromatids from homologous chromosomes "cross legs" and exchange genes

4 Haploid cells (gametes)

product of meiosis 2

Oocyte

egg cell

Oogenesis

making eggs

Spermatocyte

sperm cell

Spermatogenesis

making sperm

Fertilization

Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell

Mutations(structurally)

usually happens when a chromosome breaks and is incorrectly repaired

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I

the main phases of meiosis

be able to describe the sex cell during meiosis

be able to describe the sex cell during meiosis

be able to identify and contrast different types of mutations that can occur during meiosis

be able to identify and contrast different types of mutations that can occur during meiosis

be able to read a karyotype to identify whether a mutation has occurred

be able to read a karyotype to identify whether a mutation has occurred

be able to explain what happens during the different phases of the cell reproductive cycle

be able to explain what happens during the different phases of the cell reproductive cycle

Know the differences between chromatin, chromosomes, sister chromatids, and homologous chromosomes

Know the differences between chromatin, chromosomes, sister chromatids, and homologous chromosomes

Meiosis I includes crossing over or recombination of genetic material between chromosome pairs, while meiosis II does not

the difference between meiosis 1 and 2

Trisomy (Down Syndrome)

trisomy of the 21st chromosome
low muscle tone (babies appear "floppy")
Flat facial features, with a small nose
Upward slant to the eyes
Small skin folds on the inner corner of the eyes
Heart problems

Monosomy (Turner Syndrome)

X chromosome monosomy (only 1 X)
Female (XO)
Short
Do not mature sexually
Some physical abnormalities (webbed neck)
Mental retardation not increased over normal

Polysomy Klinefelter's Syndrome

Male (XXY)Enlarged breasts
Sparse facial and body hair
Small testes
Inability to produce sperm
Includes XXY, XXXY, XXYY, XXXXY, XXXYY

Mitosis produces two genetically identical "daughter" cells from a single "parent" cell, whereas meiosis produces cells that are genetically unique from the parent and contain only half as much DNA. Most cells in the body regularly go through mitosis, but some do so more often than others.

compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis

Gregor Mendel

Father of Genetics
1st important studies of heredity
Identified specific traits in the garden peas and studied them from one generation to another

Punnett Square

Diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross Used to calculate the probability of inheriting a particular trait

Dominant allele

Masks the other trait; the trait that shows if present Represented by a capital letter

Recessive Alleles

An organism with a recessive allele for a particular trait will only exhibit that trait when the dominant allele is not present; Will only show if both alleles are present Represented by a lower case letter

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism; The gene (or allele) combination an organism has. Example: Tt, ss, GG, Ww

Phenotype

The physical characteristics of an organism; The way an organism looks Example: curly hair, straight hair, blue eyes, tall, green

Heterozygous

Term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait (Tt)

Homozygous

Term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait (TT or tt)

Multiple Alleles

Three or more alleles of the same gene.

Complete Dominance

trait that is only visible with a recessive trait if the recessive is homozygous

Incomplete Dominance

Situation in which one allele not completely dominant over another.

Codominance

Situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism.

Sex-linked traits

certain genes are found solely on the X chromosome

Monohybrid

a hybrid that is heterozygous with respect to a specified gene.

Dihybrid

a hybrid that is heterozygous for alleles of two different genes.

Sex chromosomes

X and Y chromosomes.

Chromosomes are made of DNA, which is broken into specific gene segments. Each gene segment is coded to tell a person's cell how to act and what genes to express. Alleles are different forms of genes and determine which genes will be expressed.

The relationship between DNA, allele gene, and chromosome

Be able to read a pedigree

Be able to read a pedigree

Beneficence

provide benefits to persons and contribute to their welfare

Nonmaleficence

obligation not to inflict harm intentionally

Justice

treat others equitably, distribute benefits/burdens fairly

Respect for Persons

acknowledge a person's right to make choices, to hold views, and to take actions based on personal values and beliefs

Stakeholder

Be able to read a pedigree

Placebo

an ineffective treatment given to make two groups in a study as similar as possible

Subject

a person involved in an experiment

Informed consent

an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

Values

Signify what is important and worthwhile
based on: family, religion, peers, culture, race, social background, gender
guide people's decisions

be able to identify stakeholders in a case study

be able to identify stakeholders in a case study

be able to identify, define and explain bioethical principles in a case study

be able to identify, define and explain bioethical principles in a case study

be able to justify an ethical decision using the principles

be able to justify an ethical decision using the principles

Genetic Disease

caused by a problem with someone's DNA that leads to missing or malfunctioning protein

Communicable Disease

caused by a pathogen damaging the cells in the body

Pathogens

causes illness
exs: viriods, prions, viruses, bacteria etc

Host

organism in which the pathogen lives and causes disease

Reservoir

a long term host, usually shows mild to no symptoms

Transmission

how a pathogen gets from its reservoir to its host

Vector

a living organism like an animal or insect that carries a pathogen from host to host

Epidemic

a local outbreak of a disease

Pandemic

a worldwide outbreak of disease

Prion

protein only; normal body protein has changed shape
no DNA
seems o interfere with other protein in cells
can cause disease

Viroid

a floating piece of DNA
can cause disease

Capsid

Outer protein coat of a virus

Envelope

an extra layer on the outside of a virus

Reverse Transcription

normal way of things is DNA makes RNA, makes proteinsRNA viruses only have RNA and it alone cannot form all the necessary pieces of reproductionRNA virus reproduction has an extra step right after the injection of RNA into the host. Before the rest of the cycle can take place, RNA has to make copy of DNA and the new DNA can then go and complete the cycle of viral reproduction

Lytic or virulent

when viruses infect their hosts and start reproducing themselves right way making their host sick quickly

Lysogenic or temperate

viruses pause once they get inside the cell and can lay dormant for days, weeks, or even years