humanities final

aristocracy

Group of the most wealthy and privileged

tenebrism

dramatic use of intense darkness and light to heighten the impact of a painting

foreshortening

a perspective device by which figures or objects appear to recede or project into space

camera obscura

a darkened box with a hole or lens used to cast an image of an object onto a glass screen or sheet of paper for the artist to copy or trace

impasto

thickly or heavily applied paint

etching

a kind of engraving in which a metal plate is covered with resin then inscribed with a burin; acid is applied to eat away the exposed lines, which are inked before the plate is wiped clean and printed

salon

an elegant apartment or drawing room; an intellectual gathering held in such a space

geocentric

earth centered

heliocentric

sun-centered

inductive reasoning

a method of inquiry that begins with direct observation and experimentation and moves toward the establishment of general conclusions or axioms

deductive reasoning

a method of inquiry that begins with clearly established general premises and moves toward the establishment of particular truths

social contract

an agreement made between citizens leading to the establishment of the state

philosophes

the intellectuals of the European Enlightenment

deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

feta galante

a festive diversion enjoyed by aristocrats, a favorite subject in Rococo art sublime

dialectic

in Hegelian philosophy, the process by which every condition (or "thesis")confronts an opposite condition (or "antithesis") to resolve in synthesis

alliteration

a literary device involving the repetition of initial sounds in successive or closely associated words or syllables

free verse

poetry that is based on irregular rhythmic patterns rather than on the conventional and regular use of meter

entrepreneur

one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business

capitalist

one who provides investment capital in economic ventures

proletariat

a collective term describing industrial workers who lack their own means of production and hence sell their labor to live

totalitarian

a political regime that imposes the will of the state upon the life and conduct of the individual

avant-garde

those who create or produce styles and ideas ahead of \n their time; an unconventional movement or style

collage

a composition created by pasting materials such as newspaper, wallpaper, photographs, or cloth on a flat surface or canvas

assemblage

a genre (or artwork) featuring the combination of three-dimensional objects; the sculptural counterpart of collage

What was the primary inspiration for the Academic artists of the French Baroque?

Legacy of ancient Greece and Rome

What were St. Ignatius Loyola's Spiritual Exercises designed to do?

Employ the senses to strengthen a believer's direct and intuitive experience of God

Which of the genres in which Rembrandt worked was the most lucrative for the Dutch painter?

Group portraiture

Both El Greco and Velázquez served in the courts of which country?

Spain

Which is NOT true about Gentileschi's Judith Slaying Holofernes?

The painting depicts a small and weak heroine

Which influential handbook reflected the mysticism and militancy of the Jesuit order?

Spiritual Exercises

The baroque style brought about new levels of naturalism and emotionalism to Western art. Which of the following does NOT describe the baroque style?

Restrained and relaxing

Academic art, as envisioned by Louis XIV and his followers, depended primarily on what element?

Neoclassical principles

Which is NOT a characteristic of Italian baroque churches?

Minimal ornamentation

As court painter to King Charles I of England, \________ produced elegant, idealized portraits of his patrons.

van Dyck

Rembrandt's etchings were especially popular among which group?

Middle class

Which of the following statements best describes Louis XIV's concept of government?

"I am the state" \= absolutism

In what way does Bernini's David differ from Michelangelo's David?

Portrayal of David in the midst of action

What act was Louis XIV NOT responsible for?

Authorizing a new translation of the Bible

One of the most influential Baroque artists was \________, the designer of the piazza in front of St. Peter's Basilica.

Bernini

What role was NOT among those of John Donne?

Architect of Saint Paul's Cathedral

What feature of Wren's design for Saint Paul's
Cathedral in London reflects its Baroque style?

Dramatic exterior

Who was the founding figure of the Society of Jesus?

Loyola

Which is NOT a way in which the works of Caravaggio embrace the baroque?

The depiction of noble figures

Elaborate metaphors that compare two apparently dissimilar objects or emotions with the goal of shocking or surprising the listener or reader are called which of the following?

Conceits

Which of the following is NOT true of the painting of the Arcadian Shepherds, with the statement "Et in Arcadia Ego"?

It is set in the contemporary times of the artist.

What description of Bernini's Ecstasy of Saint Teresa is accurate?

It is theatrical in presentation.

Who was a leading figure in the evolution of academic art?

Poussin

What term most accurately describes the style of Parmigianino's Madonna of the Long Neck?

Mannerist

What is represented in the art of Poussin?

Academic classicism

Domenikos Theotokopoulos, the creator of The Agony in the Garden, is better known as who?

El Greco

Why were mirrors and windows an important part of the aristocratic baroque?

They were a theatrical display of changing light in limitless space.

Queen Elizabeth of England was unmarried, bore no sons, and was the last ruler of her direct family line. What type of government developed in the century after Elizabeth's death in 1603?

Constitutional monarchy

The Dutch painter Maria van Oosterwyck excelled in which genre?

Still life painting

What was Bernini's inspiration for St Teresa in Ecstasy?

The autobiography of a Carmelite mystic

What is the subject of Milton's landmark epic, Paradise Lost?

The fall of Adam and Eve

Which of the following is NOT true regarding John Milton's Paradise Lost?

Milton was an apologist for Charles I and the Royalists.

The term "baroque" in painting comprises all of the following EXCEPT which feature?

Strict compositional symmetry

David's Oath of the Horatii is notable for which of the following?

Emphasis on reason and intellect over emotion and sentiment

What description of William Hogarth's work is accurate?

It was satirical.

Voltaire's Candide satirizes what idea?

This is the best of all possible worlds.

The belief in a mechanistic universe fashioned by a Creator God who does not directly intervene in its affairs is called \______.

deism

Newton's Principia promoted the idea of a uniform and intelligible universe that operated as systematically as a well-oiled machine; his monumental work became the basis of modern ______

physics

How was seventeenth-century and eighteenth-century literature influenced by the Scientific Revolution?

Greater emphasis on precise expression and factual detai

According to Locke's view of the social contract, ultimate power rests with whom?

The people

The French salon, center of intellectual debate, was usually organized by whom?

Noblewomen

Which of the following is considered a writer whose works formed the wellspring of philosophical thought in the era and was highly influential upon Jefferson as well as Montesquieu?

John Locke

What does the title of Francis Bacon's landmark work, Novum Organum, mean?

"New method"

Whose engravings exposed the social ills and class discrepancies of British society, even as they mocked universal human vices?

William Hogarth

What was NOT a focus of artists in the Rococo style of painting?

Stark contrasts of light and dark

The fusion of art and politics that exalted the ideal of service and sacrifice to one's country is exemplified by which landmark?

David's The Oath of Horatii

Which of the following artists' works greatly emphasized the sensuality of the body and were openly erotic?

Boucher

What does John Locke's conception of the tabula rasa support?

The idea that human knowledge derives from sensory experience

In what way did Ingres' Grande Odalisque deviate from the principles of Neoclassical art?

Disproportionately elongated the body of his female subject

What was the predominant theme of Rococo paintings?

Pursuit of pleasure

In Voltaire's Candide, who is the character of Pangloss modeled on?

Leibniz

"Whatever is, is right" reflects the philosophic optimism of which Enlightenment thinker?

Alexander Pope

Which scientist was forced by the church to recant his own findings?

Galileo Galilei

What idea was central to the philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau?

Societies and their institutions corrupt human beings.

What was Francis Bacon's term for the false dogmas or teachings that hindered clear thinking?

Idols

Which of the following statements about the French Revolution is FALSE?

It served as a model for the American Revolution that shortly followed.

Which is true of the late eighteenth-century revolutions?

They put Enlightenment ideals into action.

In his travel narrative, what does Olaudah Equiano express?

Criticism of so-called Christians who would enslave other humans.

Who argued that human beings can better the world through the use of certain innate capabilities of mind?

Kant

Which figure famously recanted his scientific theories in 1633 after having been put on trial for heresy?

Galileo

Questioning the value of reason for the advancement of the human condition, \________ argued that society itself corrupted humankind.

Rousseau

Many Enlightenment thinkers believed that human behavior was governed by what force?

Natural laws

What is NOT a feature of Neoclassicism?

Emphasis on sensuous curves and delicate figures

Which of the following best describes the general philosophical mood of those writers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (ca. 1650-1800) interested in social progress?

Optimistic

Which of the following is NOT generally considered a painter of the Rococo style?

Chardin

Who influenced fashion and the arts at Versailles and commissioned Boucher to paint her portrait?

Madame de Pompadour

Henry Fielding and Samuel Richardson were both noted eighteenth-century writers of which new literary form?

The novel

According to Hobbes, society must submit to rule by a strong individual for what reason?

People are by nature warlike and selfish

What belief is reflected in Alexander Pope's saying, "A mighty maze! but not without a plan"?

Nature is rational, but divinely ordered.

What was a primary goal of Diderot's Encyclopédie?

Transform society through knowledge.

What was a reason that both Protestants and Catholics opposed the heliocentric theory?

It contradicted Scripture

Which Romantic artist created a series of prints focusing on the brutality and horror of war?

Francisco Goya

Which of the following is true of Darwin's The Origin of Species?

It shattered the harmonious worldviews of both Renaissance humanists and Enlightenment philosophes.

What is a feature of Transcendentalism?

It valued intuition and self-reliance

Darwin's writings affirmed all EXCEPT which of the following?

There are a fixed number of species.