ch 10

cardiac arrest

sudden cessation of cardiac output and circulation; requires CPR

heart failure (HF)

inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply organs & tissues w/ nutrients and O2 (AKA congestive heart failure - CHF)

aneurysm

ballooning of a weakened portion of an artery wall; might rupture

arrhythmia

any disturbance or abnormality in the heart's normal rhythm

fibrillation

rapid, quivering, uncoordinated contractions of the atria or ventricles causing cardiac arrhythmia

coronary artery disease (CAD)

condition that reduces blood flow through the coronary arteries to the myocardium (heart); often caused by atherosclerosis

acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle; can lead to heart attack

myocardial infarction (MI)

death (necrosis) of a portion of heart muscle caused by lack of blood supply (AKA heart attack)

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

- disease of arteries in arms and legs, resulting in narrowing or obstruction of artery
- commonly caused by atherosclerosis
- most common symptom \= intermittent claudication
- AKA peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

Cor pulmonale

enlargement of the heart's right ventricle due to pulmonary disease

Angina pectoris

chest pain which can radiate to the left arm and jaw; occurs when there is an insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle

Intermittent claudication

pain, tension, and weakness in a limb that starts when walking starts, increases until walking is no longer possible, and then resolves at rest
due to reversible ischemia

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

condition of a thrombus (clot) in a deep vein often in lower extremities; a clot can break off and travel to lungs, cause a pulmonary embolism

varicose veins

distended or tortuous (twisted) veins usually found in the lower extremities

rheumatic heart disease

damage to the heart muscle or heart valves caused by 1(+) episodes of rheumatic fever

mitral valve stenosis

narrowing of mitral valve from scarring from rheumatic fever

cardiac tamponade

acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity

hypertensive heart disease (HHD)

disorder of the heart brought about by persistent high blood pressure
- causes hypertrophy (abnormal thickening of the heart muscle) or dilation of the chambers of the heart - core pulmonale

artificial cardiac pacemaker

- battery powered apparatus implanted under the skin w/ leads placed on the heart or in the chamber used to treat abnormal heart rhythm
- usually treats rhythms that are too slow

automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator (AICD)

- implanted device that continuously monitors that heart rhythm
- delivers a shock to convert arrhythmia back to normal

catheter ablation

abnormal cells that trigger abnormal heart rhythms are destroyed by using a device that heats or freezes the cells

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

- a balloon is advanced into a coronary artery to the area where plaque has formed
- balloon inflated, vessel wall expands, blood flows more freely

coronary stent

- supportive scaffold device placed in the coronary artery
- used to prevent closure of the artery after angioplasty or atherectomy
- used to treat an artery occluded by plaque

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

surgical technique used to bring a new blood supply to the heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries

femoropopliteal bypass (Fempop)

surgery to establish an alternate route from the femoral artery to the popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction

thrombolytic therapy

injection of medication either intravenously or intraarterially to dissolve blood clots
used in ED for acute myocardial infarction

doppler ultrasound

a study that uses sounds for detection of blood flow within vessels
used to asses intermittent claudication and deep vein thrombosis

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

radiographic imaging of the blood vessels
subtracts (removes) structures not being studied

sestamibi test

uses a radioactive isotope that is taken up by normal myocardial cells but not in ischemia or infarction ("cold areas")
used in diagnosis of CAD and revascularization assessment after coronary artery bypass surgery

single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

- nuclear medicine test; collects series of images as a Gamma camera rotates around patient
- generates 3D pics & shows function of organs
- assesses damage to cardiac tissue (like MI) or active vs. inactive areas

transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)

ultrasound probe is placed in the esophagus to examine cardiac function and structure
provides a more direct view of heart structures

cardiac catherization

- exam to determine condition of heart and blood vessels
- catheter placed into heart by a blood vessel and used to record pressures and inject a contrast medium to see coronary arteries and heart
- used to treat CAD

exercise stress test

- evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking on a treadmill
- electrocardiography, echocardiography, and nuclear medicine scanning are tests performed to measure cardiac function while exercising

blood pressure (BP)

- pressure exerted by blood against blood vessel walls
- systolic \= 120, diastolic \= 80 --\> 120/80

pulse

- rhythmic contraction of heart that can be felt by fingerprint
- most commonly felt over radial artery, but can also be felt over femoral and carotid arteries

sphygmomanometer

device used for measuring blood pressure

C-reactive protein (CRP)

- measured in blood; elevation indicates inflammation in body
- assesses risk of cardiovascular disease, MI

creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

- blood test used to measure level of CPK, a heart and skeletal muscle enzyme released into the blood after muscle injury or necrosis
- useful in evaluating patients with acute MI

troponin

- blood test which measures a heart muscle enzyme
- released into blood approximately 3 hrs after necrosis of heart muscle; may remain elevated from 7-10 days
- useful in diagnosis of MI and provides time frame

lipid profile

- blood test to measure the amount of lipids
- used to evaluate risk of developing cardiovascular disease and to monitor therapy of existing disease
- results provide levels of cholesterol

bruit

sound heard over an artery during auscultation resulting from vibration in the vessel wall caused by turbulent blood flow
caused by abnormal narrowing of an artery

murmur

- abnormal cardiac sound heard through auscultation and caused by turbulent blood flow
- short duration sounds, distinct from normal heart sounds
- heart valve defects create a distinctive murmur

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac compressions; may be accompanied by artificial ventilation

defibrillation

application of an electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm

hypertension (HTN)

blood pressure that is above normal (\> 130/90 in adults under 60)

hypotension

blood pressure that is below normal (< 90/60 in adults under 60)

hypercholesterolemia

excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood (increased risk of cardiovascular disease)

hyperlipidemia

excessive amount of fats (lipoproteins, triglycerides, and cholesterol) in the blood (increased risk of cardiovascular disease)

hypertriglyceridemia

excessive amount of triglycerides in the blood (increased risk of cardiovascular disease)

vasoconstrictor

agent that narrows the blood vessels (treats inflammatory responses)

vasodilator

agent or nerve that enlarges the blood vessels (treats clots, narrowing)

occlusion

closing or blockage of a blood vessel or hollow organ

cardiovascular system

pumping blood to body
exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste b/w blood and body tissue at capillaries
blood w/ CO2 and waste is carried from tissues through veins to organs of excretion (kidneys, lungs)
role in regulating temp

blood

composed of plasma and formed elements
1) transportation of nutrients, O2, waste, CO2, hormones
2) protection against microorganisms by certain cells
3) regulation of body temp and maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance

heart

muscular cone-shaped organ the size of a closed fist, located behind the breastbone and between the lungs;
the pumping action circulates blood throughout the body

chambers

upper: right and left atria
lower: right and left ventricles

valves

keep blood flowing in one direction

atrioventricular valves

tricuspid and mitral valves

tricuspid valve

b/w right atrium and right ventricle

mitral valve

b/w left atrium and left ventricle

semilunar valves

pulmonary and aortic

pulmonary valve

b/w right ventricle and pulmonary artery

aortic valve

b/w left ventricle and aorta

pericardium

two-layer sac surrounding the
heart; an external fibrous and an internal serous layer that
secretes a fluid that facilitates movement of the heart

layers of heart

epicardium (covers heart), myocardium (middle, thick, muscular layer), endocardium (inner lining of heart)

blood vessels

tube-like structures that carry blood throughout the body.

arteries

carry blood containing oxygen
and other nutrients away from the heart to the body cells

arterioles

smallest arteries

pulmonary artery

carries CO2 and other waste products to the lungs (only arteries to carry deoxygenated blood)

aorta

Largest artery in the body; originates at left ventricle

veins

carry blood containing CO2 and other waste products back to the heart; contain valves to prevent backflow

venules

smallest veins in body

pulmonary veins

carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart (only veins to carry oxygenated blood)

venae cavae

largest veins in body (inferior and superior)

inferior vena cava

carries blood to heart from body parts below diaphragm

superior vena cava

returns blood to heart from upper body parts

capillaries

connect arterioles w/ venules; exchange of gases takes place by diffusion; microscopic

plasma

liquid portion of blood in which cells
are suspended (straw-colored); 90% water, 10% dissolved solutes (vitamins, electrolytes)

serum

clear watery fluid that remains after a clot has formed

cells (formed elements)

production of new blood cells takes place in bone marrow \= hematopoiesis

erythrocytes

RBC that carry O2 (hemoglobin)

leukocytes

WBC that combat infection & respond to inflammation (5 main types)

thrombocytes (platelets)

responsible for aiding in the clotting process; coagulation

angi/o

vessel (usually blood)

aort/o

aorta

arteri/o

artery

atri/o

atrium

cardi/o

heart

cyt/o

cell

hem/o, hemat/o

blood

lymph/o

lymph, lymph tissue

lymphaden/o

lymph node

my/o

muscle

myel/o

bone marrow

phleb/o, ven/o

vein

plasm/o

plasma

splen/o

spleen

thym/o

thymus gland

valv/o, valvul/o

valve

ventricul/o

ventricul/o