Anatomy FINAL (NO BRAIN)

The initial filtrate should NOT contain which of the following?

White blood cells

As urine/filtrate moves down the descending loop of Henle...

The medullary tissue surrounding the descending loop causes the water to passively move out of the filtrate

Normal urine...

may have crystals, may contain epithelial cells, and does not contain ketones or glucose

Where is the medullary/renal pyramid?

AC and E

High ketones in urine could be indicative of...

famine/not eating

What is \#10 and what is happening in this part of the nephron?

the descending loop of Henle, reabsorption of water into the blood

The renal pelvis is hollow

True

The yellow color of urine

is due to the breakdown of hemoglobin

What does J lead to

the bladder

What two substances if found too high in the blood, would possibly indicate kidney failure?

creatinine and urea

For what reasons is an AV fistula desired over an AV graft?

it is less likely to form clots and it lasts longer

Which is the best donor for the recipient?

Donor C

Which is the BEST path of urine formation, collection, and excretion?

bowman's capsule, loop of Henle, calyx, pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

The proximal convoluted tubule...

comes directly after the bowman's capsule, moves 90% of bicarbonate back into the blood, is the most responsible part of the nephron in maintaining proper concentration of blood sugar, and plays a role in the reabsorption of water back into blood

Water is reabsorbed into the blood in the kidney via \____________?

osmosis

Our kidneys

help regulate the concentration of various ions in extracellular fluids, produce erythropoietin which triggers RBC formation, contain nephrons, contain 3 distinct regions called the cortex, medulla, and pelvis, filter about 180L of fluid from our blood every day while excreting only about 1.5L

What is A?

cortex tissue

Urine is typically slightly acidic with a pH of around 6; if the pH of urine is basic, one common cause is a bacterial infection of the urinary tract

true

What is E?

a minor calyx, which will dump the urine into the major calyx

A patient comes complaining of fatigue and fever, painful urination, and always feeling like she needs to urinate. A urinalysis was completed. Below are the results:

Microscopic - leukocytes present

Macroscopic - cloudy

Which would be the most sensible treatment given at this time?

antibiotics

What is #9?

the capillaries

It is common to find epithelial cells in urine.

True

What comes directly after the ascending loop of Henle?

the distal convoluted tubule

vasopressin or ADH

allows aquaporins or special channel proteins that facilitate the movement of water to be incorporated in the cell membrane of cells lining the collecting duct and is not produced in someone who has been diagnosed with diabetes insipidus

Where is salt NOT reabsorbed into the blood?

descending loop

100% of all amino acids are reabsorbed back into the blood in the proximal convoluted tubule

True

The more concentrated the urine, the higher the specific gravity

True

What is #11?

the distal tubule

What is #4?

the urethra

urea

is naturally found in urine and is produced as a by-product of protein metabolism or breakdown

How many nephrons are found in the kidney?

1 million

Studying urine to determine RBC, WBC, or bacteria presence

microscopic

What is the most hypertonic tissue in the kidney?

medulla

Water is reabsorbed in all parts of the nephron EXCEPT:

ascending loop of Henle

The initial filtrate should NOT contain which of the following?

large proteins

Analyzing the color and clarity of urine is which type of examination?

macroscopic

What are the two most common causes of kidney failure?

diabetes and hypertension

A normal urine test will possibly contain

epithelial cells, creatinine, and no glucose

If small amounts of protein is found in the urine, often the most common cause is due to what?

intense exercise activity

Blood enters the kidney through a ____ and leaves through a ______

renal artery, renal vein

The proximal convoluted tubule

reabsorbs glucose back into the blood and reabsorbs salt back into the blood

If dehydrated

vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone would be released from pituitary and water would leave the filtrate and be reabsorbed back into the blood

Bacteria should never be present in a fresh urine sample

True

Where is the ureter?

AD

In which portion of the nephron is glucose reabsorbed into the blood?

proximal convoluted tubule

Why might glucose be found in the urine?

all of these:

because the person may not be producing insulin

because there us too much glucose in the glomerular filtrate to be reabsorbed into the blood

because the person may be diabetic

It was noted in a urinalysis that one specific sample of urine had high specific gravity and the urine was a very dark yellow. All other tests were normal (chemical and microscopic). What can be the possible cause?

dehydration

If the pituitary gland is stimulated to release/secrete ADH or vasopressin

then the water will leave the filtrate/urine and go back to the blood and then the collecting duct will be permeable to water

What is used to calculate an eGFR?

gender, age, race, and creatinine test levels

When describing secretion in the kidney, which direction are substances moving?

into the filtrate

Crystals in the urine is always a sign that something is wrong with the kidneys

False

As urine/filtrate moves down the descending loop of Henle

the solute concentration of the filtrate increases

In normal kidney filtration, RBCs and large proteins are never filtered out, but this is common in hemodialysis

False

What is H?

renal columns, which are part of the medulla

If a large concentration of proteins are found in urine, this may suggest

kidney failure

What is #12?

the collecting duct

In the picture below, looking at the RIGHT side of the picture at that portion of the kidney, where is the cortex?

AB

What can cloudy urine possibly indicate?

Infection due to the presence of white blood cells

What is #10 and its function?

It is the lens and it helps to focus light rays

After tears move medially across the eye, what directly collects the tears?

The superior and inferior canaliculi

What is the cause of refraction in the eye?

Humor and curvature of the lens and cornea

Problems associated with the eyes

A cloudy lens: cataract

Caused by thickened strands of vitreous humor sticking together: floaters

Scarring of the cornea: cloudy cornea

Caused by buildup of aqueous humor: glaucoma

The cornea

contains few cells and no blood vessels and helps in light refraction due to its curved surface

In the eye, the lens

is a biconvex surface, may become cloudy producing a cataract, is responsible for 20% of the focusing for the eye, gets harder over time, and can be replaced with an intraocular lens

When viewing objects far away, what is the state of the ciliary body and lens?

The ciliary body is relaxed and the lens is flattened due to added tension on the suspensory ligaments

What is continuously produced by the ciliary body and drained through the canal of Schlemm?

Aqueous humor

In the picture below, what is A and its function?

This is the macula and is the part of the retina that produces the sharpest vision

What are the two circular muscles within the eye?

The iris and ciliary body

Which layer of the eye contains photoreceptors?

The retina

Refraction

Axial length is too short: hyperopia

Axial length is varied: astigmatism

Axial length is too long: myopia

Axial length is perfect: emmetropia

Eye “A” has which type of condition?

Myopia and the image is falling short of the retina creating a blurry image

What is B?

The vitreous body containing humor

In dim light, the pupil gets larger

True

Why is the optic disc significant?

This where the nerves and blood vessels enter the back of the eye

What are the types of color absorbing protein pigments found in cones?

Red, blue, and green photopsins

Cones

Contains photopsins, function best in bright light, are found in highest concentration in the fovea centralis region of the retina, and are outnumbered by rods in the retina

The sclera

is the white of the eye, protects the eye, and is an attachment for the muscles of the eye

Put these in proper order as light FIRST hits them as it moves through the eye

Cornea

aqueous humor

pupil

lens

vitreous humor

retina

What is the brick colored structure #15 and its function?

the choroid coat and it contains melanin that absorbs light

What are these two structures and their functions?

The choroid coat and tapetum; the choroid coat absorbs light and the tapetum reflects it

The ciliary body

is an extension of the choroid coat, is attached to the lens via suspensory ligaments, and creates aqueous humor

What is the function of the tapetum?

In animals that have the ability to see better at night, this structure reflects light back through the retina a second time

What is the cause of astigmatism?

An irregularly shaped cornea and/or lens

In the eye, aqueous humor

fills the anterior cavity of the eye and maintains its shape and aids in nourishment

What is the name and function of this muscle?

orbicularis oculi- closes the eye

Why do people lose their ability to accommodate as they age?

The ciliary body atrophies, the lens hardens, and these tissue lose their elasticity

What does light travel through after leaving the lens?

The vitreous body

Which rectus muscle would be found on the side of the eye closest to the nose?

the medial rectus

What is the question mark pointing to?

the ciliary body

Photoreceptors

are lacking in the optic disc region of the retina, include rods and cones, and are stimulated by light

What is the person holding?

the lens

In an emmetropic eye

the eyeball, cornea, and lens is perfectly shaped

the person would experience 20/20 or better vision on a Snellen eye chart exam

there would be no need for corrective lenses

The sensation of pain

is caused by tissue damage and doesn’t undergo adaptation

Sensory neurons can be which two types?

A and B

These are stimulated by taste or odor molecules and undergo sensory adaptation

chemoreceptors

why would someone be experiencing anosmia?

it is due to odor molecules not being able to reach the olfactory sensory neurons most likely due to inflammation

Which papillae contain taste buds?

B, C, and D

Taste buds

are found in the fungiform, vallate, and foliate papillae, are not found in the lingual tonsil area, can taste all five taste modalities, house chemoreceptors called gustatory cells, and are made up of 50-100 cells

Which part of the PNS regulates the involuntary functions such as blood flow, heartbeat, digestion, and breathing?

the autonomic nervous system

What is part of the middle ear?

the tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles, and eustachian tube