global cit - vocab for all units

mocks revision

authoritarian

A government in which one leader or group of people holds absolute power.

Libertarian

One who believes in limited government interference in personal and economic liberties

left wing politics

political position strongly in support of equality, redistribute opportunity and wealth to achieve equality

right wing politics

political position strongly in support of equity, survival of the fittest, economic freedom, 'we should look after ourselves'

democracy

government by the people

direct democracy

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives

representative democracy

A system of government in which citizens elect representatives to make decisions about the law on behalf of all people

democracy index

a ranking of all states and localities based on how democratic their elections are

autocracy

a system of government by one person with absolute power.

communism

a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership

capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital

monarchy

A government ruled by a king or queen

absolute monarchy

A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power

constitutional monarchy

A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.

socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

totalitarianism

A political system in which the government has total control over the lives of individual citizens.

dictatorship

A form of government in which the leader has absolute power and authority.

oligarchy

A government ruled by a few powerful people

republic

A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting

theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders

sovereignty

ability of a state to govern its territory, free of outside influence

nation state

a country where a group of people are governed on the same land with a border and have culture in common

state

a group of people governed on the same land with a border

nation

a group of people who have a common language, culture and heritage

HDI

a measure of a country's standard of living, health and education

non governmental organisation

a type of organisation that is not run for profit, but also is not part of the government.

inter governmental organisation

An umbrella body that provides a forum for different governments to come together to achieve more together than they would individually

globalisation

The growing integration of the world's economies, societies and cultures

hyper globalisation

dramatic change in size, scope and velocity of globalisation

morality

the moral and ethical entitlement to a right which other individuals and society must honour

universality

human rights are universal and apply to everyone

inviolability

human rights can neither be taken or surrendered

civil rights

the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.

civic rights

the right to life and equal treatment under the law

political rights

the right to vote, express yourself and to obtain information

economic rights

the right to property and fair working conditions

social rights

the right to education, food, healthcare, clothing and shelter

cultural rights

the right to practice your own culture, religion and language

universal declaration of human rights

document issued by the UN to promote basic human rights and freedoms

united nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

International criminal court

A permanent tribunal for war crimes and crimes against humanity

international court of justice

a court established to settle disputes between members of the United Nations

european court of justice

and EU court tasked with ensuring that EU law is interpreted in the same way in every EU member state

european court of human rights

the court that administers European human rights law

activism

the policy or action of using vigorous campaigning to bring about political or social change.

MEDC

More Economically Developed Country

LEDC

Less Economically Developed Country

agrarian economy

economy is based on producing and maintaining crops and farmland

industrial economy

economy in which the primary business activity is the manufacturing of products

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

GNP

Gross National Product

GNI

Gross National Income

disposable income

income (after taxes) that is available to you for saving or spending

purchasing power parity

A monetary measurement of development that takes into account what money buys in different countries.

the poverty line

the estimated minimum level of income needed to secure the necessities of life

trade bloc

a group of countries that work together to promote trade with one another

free trade

when no tariffs or taxes are paid on imports and exports

protectionism

where high taxes or tariffs must be paid on imported goods/services

tariffs

taxes placed on imported goods

subsidy

money paid by a government to support the producers in a country

single market

free movement of people

customs union

a group of nation that have agreed to charge the same import duties as each other and usually allow free trade between themselves

imports

goods or services bought by a country from abroad

exports

goods or services sold by a country to other countries abroad

trade deficit

where the value of a country's imports is greater than its exports

trade surplus

where the value of a country's imports is less than its exports

fair trade

system of certification that aims of ensure a set of standards are met in the production and supply of a product or ingredient

migration

A movement from one country or region to another

economic migration

moving to find work or follow a particular career path

political migration

moving to escape political persecution or war

environmental migration

movement of people because of a natural disasters etc.

asylum seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognised as a refugee

refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

remittances

Transfers of money/goods by foreign workers to their home countries.

international law

The set of rules generally recognised as binding between states

international agreements

formal understandings or commitments between two or more countries

mitigation

to off-set or reduce the severity of something

sustainability

the avoidance of depletion of natural resources in order to maintain an ecological balance

circular economy

a model of production and consumption, which involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products for as long as possible. 

global freedom index

presents the state of human freedom in the world based on a broad measure including economic,

cyber-bullying

the use of electronic communication to bully a person

VPN

allows remote access to resources. Creates connections to establish an encrypted tunnel between two endpoints, the encryption of the information allows to have a secure connection.

bias

a preference for a person or point of view over another, allowing personal opinions to influence a judgement

hacker

as a person who breaks into a computer system to install malware or disrupting service

hacktivist

someone who hacks system ethically to publish information, they consider themselves activists

echo chamber

an environment where a person only encounters information or opinions that reflect and reinforce their own

confirmation bias

the tendency to process information by looking for, or interpreting information that is consistent with one's existing beliefs, this is largely unintentional

post-truth

relating or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief

phishing

an attempt to trick someone into giving information over the internet

cyber crime

any criminal activity that includes the use of technology such as computers

malware

short for malicious software, refers to any intrusive software developed by cybercriminals to steal data and damage or destroy computers and computer systems

spear phishing

a phishing method that targets specific individuals, involves focusing on specific targets and involves prior research, either they pretend to be from a specific individual or are targeted towards a specific individual

pretexting

a form of social engineering in which an individual lies to obtain privileged data, a pretext is a false motive

ransomware

is a form of hack by which your data is stolen or encrypted on your computer, if you want to get it back you have to pay a ransom (usually with bitcoin)

optimistic hyperglobalisers

view the loss of cultural diversity as being positive in certain ways. They believe in a modern culture of global citizenship that values equality.

pessimistic hyperglobalisers

view the loss of culture negatively, they are concerned that languages will disappear etc. and view these are irreversible losses, argue that global cultural diversity must be protected.

westernisation

the imposition and adoption of a combination or European and North American cultural traits and values at a global scale

americanisation

the imposition and adoption of US cultural traits and values at a global scale

cultural diversity

the level of heterogeneity exhibited by a community. in terms of ethnicity, religion, language or other defining cultural traits.

ethnicity

the shared identity of an ethnic group, which may be based on common ancestral roots or cultural characteristics such as language, religion, diet or clothing.