anta and phys bones

Bone

Second hardest substance in the body

Composed of cells embedded in a matrix

Matrix

is made up of collagen fibers embedded in a protein and \n polysaccharides

functions of the bone

• support

• protection

• leverage

• storage

• blood cell formation

bone structure

cancellous bone

compact bone

cancellous bone

light and spongy

“spicules” randomly arranged

contains bone marrow

compact bone

dense and heavy

has haversian systems that run lengthwise with the bone

shaft of long bone and outside of all bones

Haversian Systems

Concentric layers of ossified bone matrix arranged around a central canal \n • Blood and lymph \n vessels and nerves

periosteum

membrane that covers the outer surfaces of bones

inner layer: osteoblasts

not present on articular surfaces

outer layer is composed of fibrous tissue

Endosteum

membrane that lines the hollow interior surfaces of bones

contains osteoblasts

**Osteoblasts**

cells that produce bone

What hardens the matrix through ossification?

osteoblasts

osteocytes

ostoblasts surrounded by bone

Osteoclasts

rremodel/remove bone

Volkmann canal

channels through bone matrix that contain blood vessels \n • Blood vessels in the Volkmann canals join with blood vessels in the \n haversian systems.

**Nutrient foramina:**

channels in many large bones \n • Contain large blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves

Two possible mechanisms for bone fromation:

1. Endochondral bone formation
2. Intramembranous bone formation

Endochondral bone formation

Develops from fibrous tissue membranes

Primary growth center: bones develop in the diaphyses \n • Cartilage rod \n • Cartilage is removed as bone is created \n • Secondary growth centers: develop in the epiphyses of the bone

. Intramembranous bone formation

Develops from fibrous tissue membranes

Cartilage is ________ while bone is created

removed

Epiphyseal plates

\
cartilage located between diaphysis and epiphyses of bone

where are the sites where new bone develops to allow long bones to lengthen?

Epiphyseal plates

When a bone has reaced it’s full size, the epiphyseal plates…

completely ossify

intramembranous bone formation

occurs in certain skull bones

bone forms in the fibrous tissue membranes that cover the brain in the developing fetus.

intramemnbranous bone formation

what are the 4 basic bone shapes?

long

short

flat

irregular

Which bone is more fractureable and makes us more mobile?

long bone

Which bone is an example of a carupus?

short bone

Which bone is an example of the scalpula and the pelvis?

flat bone

Which bone is an example of the vetebre?

irregular bone

What fills in the spaces within the bones?

bone marrow

What are the 2 types of bone marrow?

red bone marrow

yellow bone marrow

red bone marrow

Forms blood cells \n • Majority of the bone marrow of \n young animals \n • Only a small portion of the marrow of \n older animals \n • Confined to a few specific locations in \n older animals

yellow bone marrow

Consists primarily of adipose connective \n tissue \n • Most common type of marrow in adult \n animals \n • Can revert to red bone marrow if needed

articular surfaces

condyle

head

facet

Processes

Projections off a bone surface \n • Name depends on location

the wing on the atlas is an example of

a Process

Foramen

hole in a bone; may contain blood vessels, nerves

Fossa

depressed area on the surface of a bone

What are the parts of the axial skeleton?

skull

hyoid bone

spinal column

ribs

sternum

Skull

37-38 bones

have joints called sutures

mandible is connected to the skull by the synovial joint

The mandible is connected to the skull by the ___________ joint

synovial

What is the name of most joints in the skull

sutures

Hyoid bone

\
Sometimes included with the cranial \n bones \n • Also called the hyoid apparatus \n • Composed of several portions of bone \n united by cartilage

What are the bones of the ear?

incus

malleus

stapes

bones of the face

incisive bones

lacrimal bones

mandible

maxillary bones

nasal bones

zygomatic bones

internal bones of the face

vomer bone

turbinates

pterygoid bones

palatine bones

vertebrae

consists of a body, an arch, and processes

intervertebral disks

cartilage separating bodies of adjacent vertbrae

What lines up to form the spinal column?

vertebral arches

What are the 3 vertebral processes?

spinous process

transverse processes

articular processes

C1

atlas

C2

axis

what are the vertebral regions

cervical

thoracic

lumbar

sacral

coccygeal

ribs

flat bones that form lateral walls of the thorax

dorsal head of the ribs articulate with

the thoracic vertebrae

costal cartilage

ventral ends of the ribs

costochondral junction

area where costal cartilage meets bony rib

costal cartilages joint the

sternum or the costal cartilage ahead of them

floating ribs

cartilage doesn’t join anything at all

often end in the muscles of the thoracic wall

sternum

breastbone

forms floor of thorax

composed of sternebrae

manubrium sterni

most cranial sternebra

xiphoid process

most caudal sternebra

parts of thoracic limb

scapula

humerus

radius

ulna

carpal bone (carpus)

metacarpal bone

phalanges

scapula

flat, triangle bone

forms portion of shoulder joint

spine of the scapula

longitudinal ridge on lateral surface

glenoid cavity

shallow, concave articular surface

humerus

long bone of the brachium

forms portion of the shoulder and elbow joint

tubercles

process where shoulder muscles attach

condyles

articular surfaces

trochlea

condyle

articulates with ulna

capitulum

condyle

articulates with radius

olecranon fossa

indentation above condyle

epicondyles

non articular

ulna

consists of olecranon process

trochlear notch

anconeal and coronoid processes

olecranon process of ulna

point of elbow

site for tendon attachment of triceps brachii muscle

trochlear notch

concave articular surface

radius

main weight bearing bone of the antebrachium

aticulates with humerus and ulna

styloid process artiuclates with carpus

carpus

two row of carpal bones

radial carpal bone

proximal row bones

metacarpal bones

extend distally from distal carpal bones to proximal phalanges

horses metacarpal bones

one metacarpal bone (cannon bone)

two smaller vestigial metacarpal bones (splint bones)- non weight bearing

cattle metacarpal bones

two fused metacarpal bones (3 and 4)

equine thoracic limb phalanges

1 digit with 3 phalanges

• proximal phalanx

• middle phalanx

• distal phalanx

  • sesamoid bones

proximal phalanx

long pastern bone

middle phalanx bone

short pastern bone

distal phalanx

coffin bone

bovine limb phalanges

4 digits on each limb

2 support weight

2 vestigal

each digit has a proximal, middle, and distal phalanx

proximal distal sesamoid bones

canine and feline thoracic limb phalanges

digit 1- dewclaw

2-5 proximal, middle and distal phalanx

ungual process

ungual process

surrounds the claw on distal phalanx

pelvis

3 fused bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis)

pelvic symphysis

cartilaginous joint between the 2 halves of the pelvis

lilum

projects in dorsocranial direction

forms sacroiliac joint with the sacrum

ischium

caudal most pelvic bone

forms caudal portion of the pelvic floor

pubis

forms cranial portion of the pelvic floor

femur

proximal end forms part of hip joint

femoral head fits deeply into acetabulum of pelvis

trochanters

shaft extends downward to form the stifle joint with patella and tibia

articular surfaces: 2 condyles and trochlea

Trochanters

process where hip and thigh muscles attach

trochlea

articular groove containing the patella

patella

large sesamoid boneformed int eh distal tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle

protects the tendon

fabellae

two small sesamoid bones in proximal gastrocnemius muscle tendons of dogs and cats

not present in cattle or horses

tibia

main weight bearing bone of lower limb

forms the stifle joint with the femur, the hock with the tarsus

tuberosity

crest