Unit 8 Personality, Motivation, and Emotion

personality

unique patterns of thoughts, feelings, behaviors that persist over time and across situations

unconscious

ideas, thoughts, feelings of which we are unaware

psychoanalysis

theory of personality and form of therapy

drives

behavior based on unconscious instincts

sexual instinct

desire for any kind of pleasure

id

present at birth, totally unconscious urges and desires

pleasure principle

tries to obtain immediate pleasure and avoid pain

ego

controls thinking and reasoning

conscious, unconscious, preconscious

reality principle

tries to delay id’s desires until they can be achieved safely and successfully

superego

developed through interaction with others

conscience - observes and guides ego

ego ideal

compares ego’s actions with perfection then rewards and punishes

oral stage (birth - 18 months)

suck, swallow, bite

too much: overly optimistic, dependent

too little: pessimistic and hostile

fixation linked to lack of confidence, gullibility, sarcasm, argumentativeness

anal stage (18 months - 3.5 years)

pleasure from holding in and excreting feces

too strict: self-destructive as adults, obstinate, stingy, excessively orderly

too lenient: sloppy, push-over, extravagant

phallic stage (after 3 years)

discover genitals

develop attachment to parent of opposite sex

oedipus complex (electra complex)

latency stage (5 - 13)

lose interest in sexual behavior

play with kids of same sex (cootie stage)

genital stage (puberty)

sexual impulses reawaken

postponed gratification → sense of responsibility and caring for others

penis envy

women feel inferior because they don’t have one

compensation

emphasizing personal strengths in one area to shift focus from failure in another area

denial

refusing to accept an obvious situation because of the emotional pain it causes

displacement

taking out one’s anger or frustration on a person or object that is not the cause of the offense

identification

associating with people or groups that are of higher status in order to increase your own status

intellectualization

describing painful or emotional personal events in academic or philosophical terms

projection

casting the feelings you have onto another person

blaming another person for the feelings you have

ratinonalization

making logical excuses for illogical behavior

reaction formation

replacing feelings that are socially or personally unacceptable with emotions that are acceptable

regression

reverting to childlike behavior to get the attention you got when you were younger or to get your way

repression

unconsciously forgetting information that is too painful to recall

sublimation

using exercise or physical activity as a substitute for sexual energies

Jung

archetypes, collective unconscious, extroversion, individuation, introversion

Horney

basic anxiety

Alder

birth order, fictional finalisms, inferiority, style of life

Freud

defense mechanisms, ego, id, psychosexual stages, superego

Erickson

identity crisis, psychosocial stages

archetypes

the individual ideas within the collective unconscious

basic anxiety

something that disturbs your security

birth order

position amongst siblings

collective unconscious

a storehouse of all of humanity’s common myths, memories, and urges

extroversion

a quality that makes us want to be very social or outgoing

fictional finalisms

expectations about the future

identity crisis

a period when people decide who they are and where they are going

individuation

stabilizing of personality

inferiority

all people have feelings of frailty and incompetence because as children they are small and cannot master many tasks

introversion

a quality that makes us want to be by ourselves

psychosocial stages

the crisis of each of his 8 stages of psychosocial development must be resolved successfully for the person’s identity to be clearly formed

style of life

a unique set of motives, actions, values, and interests that help overcome inferiority

humanism

focus on potential for healthy personal growth

we are positively motivated and progress towards higher levels of functioning

life is a process of opening ourselves to the world around us and experiencing joy in living

stresses potential for growth and change and the ways we experience life now rather than dwelling on the past

holds us personally responsible for our lives

given reasonable life conditions, people will develop in desirable directions

physiological needs

food, water, warmth, rest

safety needs

security, safety

belongingness and love needs

intimate relationships, friends

esteem needs

prestige, feeling of accomplishment

self-actualization

achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities

self-transcendence

finding meaning, purpose, and identity beyond ourselves

person-centered perspective

believed we are all good provided we grow up in a nurturing environment that includes genuineness, acceptance, and empathy

genuineness

adults should be open and transparent about their feelings

acceptance

when people feel accepted, they won’t be afraid to be themselves or make mistakes

empathy

ability to share and understand others’ feelings

self-concept

we form images of ourselves

fully-functioning person

when self-concept meets inborn capacities

incongruent

the self-image is different to the ideal self

there is only a little overlap

self-actualization will be difficult

congruent

the self-image is similar to the ideal self

there is more overlap

this person can self-actualize

unconditional positive regard

being positive towards another regardless of their behaviors

helps people to be more fully functioning

conditional regard

love and praise are withheld to pressure someone to conform

trait theory

personality traits describe a variety of behaviors common to many people

each individual personality comprises a unique combination of traits

look for traits that are persistent over time and across situations

different from behaviors - those change from one situation to the next

predicts average behaviors

conscientiousness

disorganized, careless, impulsive

organized, careful, disciplined

agreeableness

ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative

soft-hearted, trusting, helpful

neuroticism

calm, secure, self-satisfied

anxious, insecure, self-pitying

openness

practical, prefers routine, conforming

imaginative, prefers variety, independent

extraversion

retiring, sober, reserved

sociable, fun-loving, affectionate

paranoid personality disorder

pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such as their motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts

schizoid personality disorder

a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts

schizotypal personality disorder

a pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts

antisocial personality disorder

this disorder is characterized by a long-standing pattern of a disregard for other people’s rights, often crossing the line and violating these rights

this behavior has occurred since age 15 (although only adults 18 or older can be diagnosed)

borderline personality disorder

a person who suffers from this disorder has labile (continually changing or unstable) interpersonal relationships

this pattern of interacting with others has persisted for years and is usually closely related to the person’s self-image and early social interactions

the pattern is present in a variety of settings (not just at work or home) and often is accompanied by a similar lability (fluctuating back and forth, sometimes in a quick manner) in a person’s affect, or feelings

relationships and the person’s affect may often be characterized as being shallow

a person with this disorder may also exhibit impulsive behaviors

histrionic personality disorder

a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts

narcissistic personality disorder

a pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, and lack of empathy, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts

avoidant personality disorder

this disorder is characterized by a long-standing and complex pattern of feelings of inadequacy, extreme sensitivity to what other people think about them, and social inhibition

it typically manifests itself by early adulthood

dependent personality disorder

this personality disorder is characterized by a long-standing need for the person to be taken care of and fear of being abandoned or separated from important individuals in his or her life

this pervasive fear leads to “clinging behavior” and usually manifests itself by early adulthood

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts

motivation

the need or desire to do something

homeostasis

the physiological balance of the body’s systems

incentives

the positive or negative stimuli that either entice or repel us

arousal

the state of being activated, either physiologically or psychologically, and is one dimension of our affective response to emotional stimuli

glucose

form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues

ostracism

social exclusion

an evolutionary perspective to motivation

all behaviors are instincts

many behaviors could be accidents of evolution

drive-reduction theory of motivation

physiological need, or drive, simply compels us to reduce that need

optimal arousal theory of motivation

we’re motivated to maintain a balance between stimulation and relaxation

we’re motivated to avoid both boredom and stress

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

physiological

safety

belongingness and love

esteem

self-actualization

self-transcendence

sex motivation

sexual motivation is how we promote the survival of our species through recreation and/or procreation

motivated by psychological and sociocultural influences

hunger motivation

our body’s greatest need after air and water

the sensation of hunger usually begins with a drop in your blood sugar level

our hunger is shaped by our psychology, culture, and mood

need to belong motivation

our social needs have to be balanced with our autonomy, or sense of personal control, so we feel both connected and independent

ancel key’s minnesota hunger experiment

measured the effects of semistarvation, by partially starving its volunteers

showed the psychological effects of starvation

the social effects were also shown, as the men withdrew from one another and isolated themselves

james-lange theory

emotions arise from physiological arousal

different arousal patterns are associated with different feelingsc

cannon-bard theory

physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently

schachter-singer (cognitive arousal) theory

scachter two factor theory

emotions are composed of two factors: physiological and cognitive

physiological arousal is interpreted in context to produce the emotional experience

facial feedback theory

individuals’ emotional experiences are influenced by their facial expressions

lazarus’s cognitive meditational theory

cognitive appraisal theory

you have thoughts before you experience an emotion, and the emotion you experience depends on the thoughts you had

if you think about something positive, you will have more positive emotions about it than if your appraisal was negative, and vice versa

emotions

chemicals released in response to our interpretation of a specific trigger

emotional chemicals are released throughout our bodies, not just in our brains, and they form a feedback loop between our brains and bodies

mood

more generalized

not tied to a specific incident, but a collection of inputs

influenced by the environment, physiology, and mental state

cognitive component of emotion

how we interpret emotions and think about situations