DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY - EXAM 4

Inductive techniques aim to:

help a child understand what to do in assimilation

Techniques used to assert your power over the consequences of behavior, often through physical punishment, are termed:

power-assertive techniques

Power-assertive techniques are ____ an opportunity to abuse power.

NOT

A result that can be positive or negative and either increases or decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again is known as a:

consequence

Descipline

teaching; instructing, field of learning

An associative style of learning involving positive/negative reinforcement and punishment is:

operant conditioning

Positive reinforcement

increases behavior by adding a reinforcer

Negative reinforcement

increases behaviors by subtracting a reinforcer

Punishment

decreases the likelihood of a behavior

Not studying for an exam and receiving a bad grade is an example of what?

a natural consequence

What are 5 ways to make punishment more effective?

- ignore the behavior (no longer providing reinforcement for the behavior)
- apply punishment as close in time to misbehavior as possible
- use minimum punishment necessary to suppress behavior
- preserve the child's self respect (avoid punishing in public)
- consistently punish behaviors (consistency)

The parenting style that research has proved to be the best style, involving high warmth and high restrictiveness, is known as the:

authoritative parenting style

Authoritarian parenting style

parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child; low warmth, high restrictiveness; poorer outcomes for children

Permissive-indulgent parenting styles

high warmth, low restrictiveness; poorer outcomes for children

Rejecting-neglecting parenting style

low warmth, low restrictiveness; worst outcomes for children

Parents are more likely to use what parenting techniques when children display aggressive behavior or willful disobedience?

power-assertive techniques

Punishment and reinforcement are most effective when they are used in ____.

tandem

What are the drawbacks of punishment?

- punished behavior does not equal forgotten behavior
- punishment can create hostility/anger towards punisher
- punishment can generalize too far (particularly physical punishment)

What is a drawback of group punishment?

leaves those in the right to face the consequences of those in the wrong's actions, thus those in the wrong do not have to take accountability

Egalitarian

equality

Sibling relationships change over time and become more ____ over time.

egalitarian

What do siblings help teach one another?

life skills

Sibling rivalry

jealousy/rivalry among siblings

What is the best way to prevent sibling rivalry?

prepare children for changes

What is a return of behaviors characteristic of earlier stages of development in response to the introduction of another child into a home?

regression

Peers help with:

physical development and learning social skills

Functional play

Piaget's first level of play; primarily a repetition of motor behaviors; building and changing schemas

An example of function play is:

rolling a ball and running and laughing

Piaget's second level of play characterized by the creation of settings, characters, and scripts is known as:

symbolic play (pretend play)

Constructive play

Piaget's third level of play; children work to build ("construct") and create things

What is Piaget's fourth and final level of play that requires the highest level of cognitive functioning?

Formal games

Board games, video games, hopscotch, and games involving teams/sides are examples of what kind of play?

formal games

Nonsocial play

Mildred Parten; form of play in which play is not influenced by the play of nearby children

Unoccupied play

a type of nonsocial play where children do not even appear to be playing

A type of nonsocial play where children play alone, even in a room with other children, is known as:

solitary play

Onlooker play

a type of nonsocial play; action in which children simply watch others at play, but do not actually participate themselvesS

Social play

play in which children interact with and are influenced by others

Parallel play

type of social play; activity in which children play side by side without interacting

The first interactive type of play where children actually work and play together, but without a common goal, is known as:

associative play

A type of social play where children play together with a shared common goal is known as:

cooperative play

Prosocial behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior

Behavior for the good of others without the expectation of a reward is known as what?

altruistic behavior

Empathy

the ability to share another persons feelings; deeper understanding

Perspective-taking is ____ for young children.

difficult

Reinforcement is used to strengthen ____/____ behavior.

altruistic/prosocial

Responsibility gives parents the opportunity to____.

reinforce

Observational learning

learning through observations; this is why it is important to be cautions of our actions around children

Parents who are engaged in with their children often produce:

altruistic children

Aggression in preschool years is often:

possession related

Viewing violence in media ____ the likelihood you will act on behalf of a victim.

decreases

Violence in media ____ increases violence in reality.

increases

Violence in media contributes to aggression through:

- observational learning
- disinhibition
- increased arousal
- priming
- habituation

Habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

Priming

brings things to the surface; like priming a pump

Categorical self

definitions of the self that refer to external traits (age, weight, physical characteristics)

Children gain approximately __ ____ in height and __-__ pounds per year.

2 inches; 5-7

In middle childhood, who hits their growth spurt first: boys or girls?

girls

During the growth spurt occurring around age 13, ____ surpass ____.

boys; girls

Boys develop ____ around age 11 while girls gain ____.

muscle; fat

What percent of children and adolescents in the US are overweight?

16-25%

The brain uses what percent of your calories daily?

25%

Psychological risks of obesity are:

- being socially rejected
- poorer body images

Physical risks are obesity are:

- higher BP
- atherosclerosis
- type 2 diabetes
- heart disease
- breathing problems
- gynecological problems

Causes of obesity:

- heredity: immediate determinance of body fat are the size/number of your fat cells
- environmental factors: what food you have access too, food, media, etc.
- stressors/emotional reactions: stress/emotion can increase or decrease appetite

In middle childhood, physical activity ____ in both females and males.

declines

Which two symptoms is ADHD diagnosed off of?

inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity

Diagnostic material for ADHD:

- 16 or younger: 6 or more inattention or hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms
- 17 or older: 5 or more inattention hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms
- symptoms must persist for minimum 6 months and be inappropriate for developmental levelW

What are the 3 kinds of ADHD?

- combined presentation
- primarily inattention presentation
- primarily hyperactivity/impulsivity presentation

Causes of ADHD:

- genetics
- cigarette smoking, ETOH and other drug use during pregnancy

What class of medication is commonly used to treat ADHD?

stimulants; ritalin and adderall

What do stimulants do to the brain?

stimulate the under-active portions of the brain to help increase focus

What types of non-stimulant medications are used to treat ADHD?

antidepressants and blood pressure medication

What are the side effects of stimulant medications?

- inhibit height/weight gain
- can cause children to "feel like zombies"

How many prescriptions were written for Adderall last year alone?

41 million

Drug holiday

only taking prescriptions during school times

Where does the United States' largest supply of Adderall come from?

China

What types of psychosocial/psycho therapies are used to treat ADHD?

- behavioral therapy
- CBT
- family and marital therapy
- parenting skills training
- classroom management skills
- stress management techniques
- support groups

Learning disabilities

a group of disorders characterized by inadequate development of specific academic, language, and speech skills

Dyslexia

impairment of the ability to read

Who does dyslexia affect more: boys or girls?

boys

Treatment of dyslexia:

- childhood: remediation
- adulthood: accommodation

Causes of dyslexia:

- genes
- neurological problems (angular gyrus, phonological processing problems)
- double-deficit hypothesis

Double-deficit hypothesis

naming speed is slow because of phonological processing issues

Children who are in the concrete operational stage do best with what types of items?

tangible items

Children who are in the concrete operational stage do not do well with:

hypotheticals

Conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Transitivity

principle that if A is greater than B in a property, and B is greater than C, then A is greater than C

Decentration

simultaneous focusing (centering) on more than one aspect or dimension of a problem or situation

Reversibility

according to Piaget, recognition that processes can be undone, leaving things as they were before; reversibility is a factor inn conservation of the properties of substances

Concrete operations

the third stage in Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory of moral development, characterized by flexible, reversible thought concerning tangible objects and events

Seriation

placing objects in an order or series according to a property or trait

Class inclusion

the principle that one category or class of things can include several subclasses

Moral realism (objective morality) (Piaget)

Piaget's first stage of moral development; occurs around 5yrs of age; behavior is moral if it conforms to authority levels; morality is perceived as embedded in the structure of the universe

The view that a negative experience is a direct consequence of wrongdoing, reflecting the belief that morality is embedded within the structure of the universe is known as:

immanent justice

Autonomous morality (Piaget)

Piaget's second stage or moral development; 9-11 yrs of age; children understand rules are arbitrary and can be (and sometimes should be) broken; understand motives behind behaviors rather than results; cooperative relationships with parents and peers

Pre-conventional level (Kohlberg)

based on rewards/expectations/punishments rather than morals; behavior is based on result

Conventional level (Kohlberg)

align behavior with who you believe you are; moral judgements largely reflect social rules and conventionsP

Post-conventional level

moral judgements are derived from moral principles; people look to themselves to set moral standards

According to Freud, children in middle childhood are in the ____ stage.

latency

Erik Erikson believed children were in the ____ __ ____ stage during middle childhood.

industry vs inferiority