exam 2

Green Algae

\____________ called charophytes are the closest relatives of land plants

Land plants share four key traits with only charophytes

• Rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
• Peroxisome enzymes
• Structure of flagellated sperm
• Formation of a phragmoplast

Sporopollenin

In charophytes a layer of a durable polymer called \_____________ prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

Sporopollenin

\______________ is also found in plant spore walls

Four key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes

• Alternation of generations and multicellular, dependent embryos
• Walled spores produced in sporangia
• Multicellular gametangia
• Apical meristems

Alternation of Generations

Plants alternate between two multicellular stages, a reproductive cycle called \___________

Gametophyte

The \____________ is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis

Placental transfer cells

Nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through \___________________

Embryophytes

Land plants are called \____________ because of the dependency of the embryo on the parent

Sporangia

The sporophyte produces spores in organs called \____________

Sporocytes

Diploid cells called \___________ undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores

Sporopollenin

Spore walls contain \_______________, which makes them resistant to harsh environments

Gametangia

Gametes are produced within organs called \______________

Archegonia

Female gametangia, called \____________, produce eggs and are the site of fertilization

Antheridia

Male gametangia, called \____________, produce and release sperm

Apical meristems

Plants sustain continual growth in their \____________

Cuticle

A waxy covering of the epidermis

Vascular tissue

Land plants can be informally grouped based on the presence or absence of \_____________

Vascular plants

Most plants have vascular tissue; these constitute the \_______________

Bryophytes

Nonvascular plants are commonly called \________

Bryophytes

\_____________ are not a monophyletic group; their relationships to each other and to vascular plants is unresolved

Lycophytes

Club mosses and their relatives

Seed

A \_________ is an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

Gymnosperms

The "naked seed" plants, including the conifers

Angiosperms

The flowering plants

Pterophytes

Ferns and their relatives

Bryophytes

Refers to all nonvascular plants

Bryophyta

Refers only to the phylum of mosses

Protonema

A spore germinates into a gametophyte composed of a \____________ and gamete-producing gametophore.

Rhizoids

Anchor gametophytes to substrate

Capsule

A sporangium, also called a \__________, which discharges spores

Gametophore

The mature gamete-producing structure of a moss gametophyte.

Peristome

The upper part of the moss capsule (sporangium) often specialized for gradual spore discharage

Seta

Stalk of a moss capsule

Foot

Anchors the sporophyte to gametophyte and absorbs minerals and nutrients from it.

Stomata

Hornwort and moss sporophytes have \___________ for gas exchange; liverworts do not

Peat

Sphagnum forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material known as \___________

Peat

\________ can be used as a source of fuel

Sphagnum

Overharvesting of \_____________ and/or a drop in water level in peatlands could release stored CO2 to the atmosphere.

Vascular tissue

\________________ allowed these plants to grow tall

Seedless vascular

\___________________ plants have flagellated sperm and are usually restricted to moist environments

Living vascular plants are characterized by

• Life cycles with dominant sporophytes
• Vascular tissues called xylem and phloem
• Well-developed roots and leaves

Xylem

Vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

Phloem

Vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

Tracheids

Xylem conducts most of the water and minerals and includes dead cells called \_______________

Lignin

Water-conducting cells are strengthened by \__________ and provide structural support

Phloem

\____________ consists of living cells and distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

Roots

\_____________ are organs that anchor vascular plants

Leaves

\___________ are organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants, thereby capturing more solar energy that is used for photosynthesis

Microphylls

Leaves with a single vein.

Megaphylls

Leaves with a highly branched vascular system

Microphylls

\________________ evolved as outgrowths of stems

Megaphylls

\________________ may have evolved as webbing between flattened branches

Sporophylls

\__________________ are modified leaves with sporangia

Sori

\____________ are clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls

Strobili

\____________ are cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls

Homosporous

Most seedless vascular plants are \_______________, producing one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte

Heterosporous

All seed plants and some seedless vascular plants are \_________________

Megaspores

Heterosporous species produce \______________, which give rise to female gametophytes

Microspores

\___________________, gives rise to male gametophytes

Phylum Lycophyta

\___________________ includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts.

Phylum Pterophyta

\___________________ includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives

Vascular tissue

Club mosses and spike mosses have \_______________ and are not true mosses

Ovule

An \__________ consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments

Pollen grains

Microspores develop into \____________, which contain the male gametophytes

Pollination

\_______________ is the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules

Conifers

Cone-bearing gymnosperms called \_____________ dominate in the northern latitudes

Angiosperms

\_________________ are seed plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits

Sepals

\_____________, which enclose the flower

Petals

\_____________, which are brightly colored and attract pollinators

Stamens

\______________, which produce pollen

Carpels

\_______________, which produce ovules

Filament

A stamen consists of a stalk called a \_____________

Anther

A sac called an \____________ where the pollen is produced

Ovary

A carpel consists of an \______________ at the base

Stigma

A style leading up to a \____________, where pollen is received

Fruit

A \____________ typically consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts

Monocot Characteristics

One cotyledon

Eudicot Characteristics

Two cotyledon

Eudicot

The clade \_____________ ("true" dicots) includes most dicots

Basal angiosperms

\__________________ are less derived and include the flowering plants belonging to the oldest lineages

Magnoliids

\________________ share some traits with basal angiosperms but evolved later

Monocot Characteristics

Veins usually parallel

Monocot Characteristics

Vascular tissue scattered

Monocot Characteristics

Root system usually fibrous (no main root)

Monocot Characteristics

Pollen grain with one opening

Monocot Characteristics

Floral organs usually in multiples of three

Eudicot Characteristics

Veins usually netlike

Eudicot Characteristics

Vascular tissue usually arranged in ring

Eudicot Characteristics

Taproot (main root) usually present

Eudicot Characteristics

Pollen grain with three openings

Eudicot Characteristics

Floral organs usually in multiples of four or five

Yeasts

The most common body structures are multicellular filaments and single cells are \___________

Mycelia

Fungi consist of \___________

Hyphae

Networks of branched \____________ adapted for absorption

Chitin

Fungal cell walls contain \_________________

Septa

Most fungi have hyphae divided into cells by \___________, with pores allowing cell-to-cell movement of organelles

Coenocytic fungi

\_______________ lack septa and have a continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds or thousands of nuclei

Haustoria

Some unique fungi have specialized hyphae called \_______________ that allow them to penetrate the tissues of their host

Mycorrhizae

\_______________ are mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots