everything i dont know psych moment

psychology

the study of behavior and mind

dualism

body and spirit (descartes)

structuralism

titchener and wundt, introspection

materialism

only things that exist are matter and energy, hobbes

humanistic

studying roles of conciousness, free will, and awareness of human condition; Maslow

random sampling vs. assigned

sampling is maximum representativeness, assigned is to the different groups

bias of selection

when people are selected in a physical space

self-selection bias

when people being studied have control over whether they participate or not

correlational research

degree of association between two or more variables

cross-sectional studies

test a wide variety of subjects from different backgrounds

operational definition

the way that a theory or issue will be directly observed

descriptive statistics

summarize data

inferential statistics

researchers test hypotheses about data

null hypothesis

a treatment had no effect in the experiment

alternative hypothesis

treatment did have an effect

alpha

the accepted probability that the result of an experiment can be attributed to chance

type 1

when come to conclusion that difference yes exist when no

type 2

when come to conc no diff when yes diff

p-value

probability of making a type 1 error

Stanley Milgram

obediance experiments

IRB

assess experiments

eeg

electroencephalography, brain activity, electrodes

cat scans

x-ray pics from different angles

MRI

electromagnets and radio waves for 3d image

PET scans

radioactive glucose

sensory or afferent nerves

nerves that send to brain

efferent nerves

send to motor muscles

somatic nervous system

voluntary movement

autonomic nervous system

not typically voluntary muscles, smooth nonskeletal

sympathetic nervous system

processes that burn energy

parasympathetic

conserves energy

reticular activating system

controls arousal

hindbrain

cerebellum, medulla oblongata, ras, pons

medulla oblongata

involuntary functions

pons

passes neural info from brain regions

midbrain

tectum(roof) and tegmentum(floor), govern visual and auditory reflexes

forebrain

limbic system (thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus)

thalamus

relay station

hypothalamus

balance of body, drives, temp, and water. lateral (less food) and ventromedial (on food), regulate behaviors and body weight

cerebral cortex

higher cognitive functions

aphasia

inability to speak

sperry

split brain patients

contralateral processing

ability of brain to use both hemispheres

apraxia

inability to organize movement

agnosia

difficulty processing sensory input

soma

cell body of neurons

nodes of Ranvier

gaps between myelin sheath beads

terminal buttons

ends of the axons

resting membrane potential

negative on the outside of neurons, positive on the inside

leak channels

channels that are open at all times in neurons

action potential

all or none, causes charges to switch

reuptake

enzymes are reabsorbed

acetylcholine

affects memory and muscle contraction (heart)

serotonin

arousal, sleep, pain, mood, and hunger regulation

dopamine

happy schizo parkinsons

GABA

inhibitory

glutamate

excitatory, counterpart to gaba

gazzaniga

neuroplaticutry

ACTH

stimulates adrenal glands, adrenocorticotropic hormone

thyroid

produces thyroxine, regulates metabolism

huntington’s chorea

muscle impairment that doesn’t occur until after 40s

William James

stream of conciousness

Robert Stenberg

mental reality

preconcious level

info always there but not always present

pineal gland

region of brain responsible for melatonin production

beta waves

awake and focused waves

alpha waves

still awake but relaxed

theta waves

drift off to sleep

sleep spindles

a wave pattern that appears in stage 2 sleep

K complexes

large slow waves that break up sleep spindles

delta waves

stage 4 sleep

paradoxical sleep

rem sleep waves are like awake waves (Aserinsky, Kleitman)

William Dement

REM deprivation studies

latent content

emotional significance and underlying meaning of emotions

dyssomnias

abnormalities in sleep quality

SIDS

sudden infant death disorder linked to sleep apnea

parasomnias

abnormalities of movement, sleepwalking and night terrors

Hilgard’s theory of the hidden observer

hypnosis divides the mind

meditation

causes increased alpha and theta waves

circadian rhythm length

25 hours

psychophysics

views effects of physical stimuli on sens reponse

absolute threshold

minimum amt of stim needed to detect a stim

SDT (Sensory detection theory)

Hit (signal occur and sensed) Miss(signal occured and missed), False alarm (signal no and “sensed”), correct rejection (no and no)

Weber’s LAW

the greater the magnitude of the stim, the larger the differences must be to be noticed

rods

sensitive in low light

cones

sensitive to bright light and color

feature detector neurons

put together the visual puzzle

Hubel and Wiesel

normal vision develops during critical period

ossicle

the three tiny bones (malleus, incus, stapes)

cutaneous and tactile receptors

pressure, pain , temperature

filter theories

things must pass through some sort of filter before being brought to attention

law of pragnanz

we see objects in their simplest forms

autokinetic effect

light appears to twinkle in the dark

dual-coding hypothesis

easier to remember words with an associated image

spreading activation

when trying to remember something we start at one node and go to the others

Loftus

studied false memories

ebbinghaus

studied forgetting

prosody

rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech

holophrases

single terms applied by infant to broad categories

Whorf and Sapir

theory of linguistic relativity