name

Muhammad

About 610, Muhammad had a transformational spiritual experience and traveled through the Arabian Peninsula proclaiming that he was the last prophet of Allah. He believed in on God / Allah's words were given to Muhammad and collected by his followers and compiled in Quran

Expansion of Islam

Work of early caliphs who spread the word through pilgrimages / 633-637, Muslims took control of the Byzantine Syria and Palestine and seized most of the Mesopotamia from the Sassanids / 640, Muslims conquered Byzantine Egypt and North Africa / 651, Muslims controlled the Sassanid dynasty and Persia / 781 Muslims controlled Hindu India, north Africa, and the lberian Peninsula / Muslims allowed conquered people (especially Christians and Jews) to maintain their own religious practices but required those who did not convert to Islam to pay a tax (jizya) / Positions of power and authority were reserved for Muslims

Abbasid Caliphate

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258. (p. 234)

Commercial Trade within Eastern Hemisphere

Commercial centers in Nishapur, Bukhara, and Samarkand facilitated the revival of trade over the Silk Road / Classical roads, originally commissioned by India and Persia and revived by Muslims, provided quick and efficient travel through the dar al-Islam / Overland trade was conducted by camel caravan / Caravansaries provided lodging, food, and water for traveling merchants and their animals

Technological Trade within Eastern Hemisphere

Technological advances such as compass, the lateen sail, and the astrolabe led to increasing travel in the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, and the Indian Ocean

Abbasids Trade within Eastern Hemisphere

Abbasids encouraged larger-scale trade by re-instituting letters of credit--sakk (checks, an idea later used in Europe)

The Quran and Women 1

Improved the security of women in Arabian society: outlawed female infanticide and ruled that dowries go to the bride

The Quran and Women 2

Described women as honorable individuals equal to men, not property

The Quran and Women 3

Both the Quran and Sharia emphasized male dominance: descent through the male line, male inheritance, strict control of women by male guardians

The Quran and Women 4

Social customs were influenced by islamic beliefs: men were permitted to take up to four wives (polygamy), women were veiled in public

Dar al-Islam

Arabic term referring to the 'house of Islam' and the lands under Islamic terms

Persian Influences on the Dar al-Islam

Administrative techniques; ideas of kingship (greatly influence caliphs); Persian, the language of literature, poetry, history, and political thought (for example, The Arabian Nights)

Indian Influences on the Dar al-Islam

Mathematics, Arabic/Hindi numbers, symbols for zero, algebra, trigonometry, geometry

Greek Influences on the Dar al-Islam

Philosophy, science, medical writings (especially Plato and Aristotle). Arabic Libraries and museums held translated Greek and Roman works

Quran

Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam.

Grand Canal

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.

Sui Dynasty

As one of the ephemeral dynasties in Chinese history, this existed for only 38 years, was established by Yang Jian in 581. Built a strong central government with work done by peasants. Public works projects included palaces, granaries, and repair of defensive walls; Most elaborate project was the Grand Canal.

Tang Dynasty

Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an. Confucian ruler. Maintained empire through a system of roads with horses, human runners, inns, postal stations, and stables. Equitable distribution of agricultural land kept land out of the hands of wealthy elite. Government jobs in extensive bureaucracy were merit based, determined through a series of civil service examination. Military conquests included Manchuria, Tibet, Korea and the northern part of Vietnam

Li Shimin

One of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor (r. 626-649). He led the expansion of the empire into Central Asia. (p. 277)

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325)

Song Dynasty

Empire in southern China (1127-1279; the 'Southern Song') while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics.

Bureaucracy too big

Financial problems faced by the Song

Scholar bureaucrats' limited Military experience

Reasons for Song's Military Failure

Neo-Confucianism

Developed in response to the growing popularity of Buddhism. Shows the influence that Buddhism had on Chinese Society and throughout East Asia over a long period

Zhu Xi

Neo-Confucianism philosopher wrote 'Family Ritual'

Family Ritual

Book written by Zhu Xi. Detailed set of instructions for weddings, funerals and other family ceremonies stresing appropriate personal behavior and social harmony

Xiongnu

A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century. (168)

Nomadic People from Northeastern Asia

Who were the early inhabitants of Japan and where did they come from?

Chinese Buddhism and Confucianism

Japan fused their traditional Shinto beliefs with whom?

Feudalism

Basic concept refers to the political and social order of medieval Europe; based on a heriarchy of lords and vassals who controlled political and military affairs

Vassal

a person holding a fief; a person who owes allegiance and service to a feudal lord

Fiefs

Land was given in exchange for protection; lords lived off the surplus crops of their vassals

Chivalry

Feudalism code of conduct in Europe

Knights

Feudalism warriors in Europe

King

What do you call feudal ruler of Europe

Manor in medieval Europe

A large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence, outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land.

Manor

A large estate consisting of fields, meadows, forests, domestic animals, lakes, rivers, and the serfs bound to the land.

manors

Small local markets (usually located near monasteries) with goods they could not produce themselves (examples: salt)

Lord of manor

This is usually a political and military leader responsible to provide police service, and justice for the manor

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

Byzantine Empire

Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453.

Feudal Monarchies

With strong central power uniting western Europe after the fall of Rome, regional monarchies developed in France and England

Feudal Monarchies

Maintained order, provided relatively stable and effective government, later provided impetus (a force that moves something along) for ocean-going explorations

impetus

a force that moves something along. Something that impels, a stimulating factor; A force, either internal or external, that impels; an impulse; The force or energy associated with a moving body; a stimulus; An activity in response to a stimulus

Taxes and Army

What were the essential components to state building in Western Europe?

political, social, economic

During Feudal Society in Europe, the medieval society was usually divided into three; clergy, warrior, and worker--a clear illustration of these inequalities that existed during the Feudal Society in Europe

Ghengis Khan

The title of Temujin when he ruled the Mongols (1206-1227). It means the 'oceanic' or 'universal' leader. He was the founder of the Mongol Empire.

Karakorum

Where was Ghengis Khan's luxurious capital?

Army

What did Ghengis Khan valued theeee most

Equestrian skills

What was the favorite game during Ghengis Khan era?

Cavalry

Ghengis Khan army was made of what? What was the backbone of Ghengis Khan's army?

United central Asia, Tibet, northern China, Persia and central Asia

Name Ghengis Khan's conquered lands

Marco Polo

Who traveled from Italy to China during Mongol times?

First European merchants

Marco Polo inherited passion from dad and uncle, who were among 'what' to visit China?

Kublai Khan

Marco Polo was introduced to which Mongol King by his father and uncle?

Columbus

Marco Polo inspired whom to attempt to find a passage to the East?

Muslims

Mongols and western Europe were both enemies of people of which religion?

Jurasalem

European crusaders tried to recapture which state from the Muslims

Abbasid Empire

Mongols attacked which Muslim empire from the east?

Pope Innocent IV

What was the name of the pope which sent missionaries to convert the Mongol Khan

Kublai Khan

Who was the grandson of Chinggis?

Kublai Khan

Who consolidated Mongols rule in China?

Mongol Empire

Which empire failed to conquer Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Java and Japan?

Golden Horde

What is the name of a group of Mongols which overran Russia during 1237-1241 and also explored Poland, Hungary, and eastern Germany?

Hulegu

What was the name of Kublai Khan's brother?

Hulegu

Which of the Mongol Emperors conquered the Abbasid Empire in Persia and attempted to expand to Syria, but failed?

il-khanate

Mongol rule in Persia deferred to local Persian authorities, who administered whom as long as they delivered taxes to the Mongols and maintained order?

Yuan Dynasty

Mongol Empire established which dynasty in China in 1279?

Pax Mongolica

Mongol Empire established Yuan Dynasty in China in 1279, ushering in a period known as what?

Financial issues (excessive spending and reduced revenues) and Mongols lacked experience in governing a settled society

What were the two main reasons for Mongol rule in Persia and China (Yuan Dynasty) to decline shortly after the death of Kublai Khan?

paper money

Il-khan tried to save itself from economic ruin by introducing what.

Il-khanate

Mongols declined because of Economic troubles, but that was also couled with fractional struggles in Persia, and when the last Mongol rulers died without an heir in 1335, what collapsed?

bubonic plague

In China, one of the growing list of problems for Mongols to deal, inflation and epidemic disease. What was the name of the disease which resulted in depopulation and labor shortage?

depopulation and labor shortage

During Mongols empire, what did Bubonic plague do in China?

Mongols

Bubonic plague started during whose empire?

Osman

Ottoman empire was established by whom?

Ottoman Empire

Name the empire, which was established by Osman when he declared independence from Seljuk sultan and begsan to build a state out of the declining Byzantine Empire in 1299

Osmanlis or Ottomans

Name the followers of Ottoman Empire

multinational centralized bureaucracy

What did Ottoman empire created (hint 3 word)?

Balkan

Ottoman empire established foundations for empire in what Peninsula; delayed by Tamerlane when he destroyed Ottoman forces in 1402, but after Tamerlane's death Ottomans reestablished power

Byzantine Empire, Greece, Balkan region

By 1480 Ottomans controlled these THREE regions. Could you name them?

trade

Southeast Asia, Africa and India are well connected by ?

Han Dynasty

Silk road was established in which dynasty?

silk roads and sea

In eastern hemisphere goods traveled through two primary routes

Major Trading cities

Hangzhou, Alexandria, Khanbaliq, Kilwa, Constantinople, Quanzhou, Cairo, Melaka, Venice, Cambay, Timbuktu and Caffa were what during the Eastern Hemisphere study?

pay taxes

Trade cities enjoyed tremendous wealth as a result of their status as major trading ports; inhabitants usually did not have to what?

Mongol military campaigns and Black Death

With the exception of these events, there were no significant interruptions to trade

Black Death

Name the famous period where the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe

gold iron ivory

During trading in the Indian ocean, East African city-states traded these 3 minerals

silk and porcelain

During trading in the Indian ocean, China provided these 2 things, What were the two most important Chinese exports at the time of the Tang and Song dynasties? (rice and silk/spices and tea/silk and porcelain/jade and paper)

dar al-Islam

Islamic merchants were an important part of the trans-Saharan trade and later introduced Islam to Mansa Musa in Mali spreading what?

south north

Gold, slaves, ivory from where were exchanged for cloth, horses, salt and manufactures wares from where

Asian mainland

Columbus returned without gold, silk and spices from Asia, but he insisted that he has reached island off which mainland

discoveries

In three subsequent voyages, Columbus never admitted he had not reached Asia; his what led to other expeditions in the Caribbean and the Americas, and the lands were claimed for Spain

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. (p. 373)

Ibn Battuta

a young Arab lawyer from Morocco, who, in 1325 began his travles through the muslim world for 30 years, covering a distance of more than 73,000 miles

Ibn Battuta

(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.

Ibn Battuta

was a Moroccan scholar and traveller who is known for the account of his travels and excursions called the Rihla (Voyage). His journeys lasted for a period of nearly thirty years and covered almost the entirety of the known Islamic world and beyond, extending from North Africa, West Africa, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe in the West, to the Middle East, Indian subcontinent, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China in the East, a distance readily surpassing that of his predecessors and his near-contemporary Marco Polo.

crusades

1096 Christian Europe aim to reclaim Jerusalem and aid they Byzantines; 1st success and the rest a failure; weakens the Byzantines; opens up trade

crusades

a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims