PHA 115 - Groups 7A, 7B, 8A, and 8B

What are the elements under Groups 7A, 7B, 8A, and 8B?

Groups 7A, 7B, 8A, and 8B include F, Cl, Br, I, At.

What are the physical and chemical properties of Group 7A elements?

Group 7A elements are salt-forming, non-metals that form strong acids and have a -1 charge.

What is the most electronegative element?

Fluorine is the most electronegative element.

What is the therapeutic use of sodium fluoride?

A 2% solution of sodium fluoride is used as an anticariogenic.

What is the common use of dichlorodifluoromethane?

Dichlorodifluoromethane, also known as Freon, is used as a refrigerant and aerosol propellant.

What is the common use of polytetrafluoroethylene?

Polytetrafluoroethylene, also known as Teflon, is used in non-stick pans.

What is the most abundant extracellular anion?

Chloride is the most abundant extracellular anion.

What is the common use of hydrochloric acid?

Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid, is used as a water disinfectant and in the treatment of achlorhydria.

What is the toxicity associated with bromine?

Bromism is the toxicity associated with bromine, which can cause various manifestations.

What is the toxicity of bromide elixirs?

Bromism.

What are the manifestations of bromism?

Skin Eruption, Psychosis, Somnolence, Delirium.

What is the antidote for bromism?

NaCl or NH4Cl.

What is Kopperchaar's Solution used for?

Assay of Phenol.

What is the heaviest non-metallic element and the most metallic of the halogens?

Iodine.

What is the toxicity of iodine?

Iodism.

What is the antidote for iodism?

Sodium thiosulfate, Cornstarch.

What is the concentration of Iodine Tincture, USP?

2%.

What is the solubilizing agent in Iodine Tincture, USP?

NaI.

What is the concentration of Strong Iodine Solution, USP (Lugol's solution)?

5%.

What is the solubilizing agent in Strong Iodine Solution, USP (Lugol's solution)?

KI.

What is the strongest acid?

Hydroiodic Acid (HI).

What is Povidone-iodine?

Betadine wound disinfectant.

What is Iopanoic acid used for?

Radiocontrast agent for gallbladder.

What is the only synthetic halogen?

Astatine (At).

What are the elements in Group 7B?

Mn, Tc, Re.

What is the cofactor involved in protein synthesis, phosphorylation, fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis?

Manganese (Mn2+).

What is the most commonly used radionuclide in diagnostic imaging?

Tc-99m.

What is the physiologic role of manganese?

It is essential for normal bone structure, reproduction, and normal functioning of the CNS.

What is the mechanism of action of potassium permanganate?

It is an oxidizing agent and antiseptic.

What is the function of technetium in diagnostic imaging?

It helps determine the presence of neoplastic lesions.

What are the properties of noble gases?

They are monoatomic and unreactive.

What is the function of helium in deep sea diving?

It is used as an oxygen diluent for deep sea divers.

What is the function of rhenium?

It is a catalyst for dehydrogenation.

What are the food sources of manganese?

Nuts, cereals, vegetables, and fruits.

What are the toxic effects of manganese?

It can cause muscle tremors (Parkinson-like symptoms).

What is the lightest gas after helium?

Neon.

What is the composition of artificial air used for deep sea divers?

80% He + 20% O2.

What is the most abundant noble gas?

Argon.

What is the possible anesthetic use of Argon?

It is investigated for possible anesthetic use.

What is the least abundant noble gas?

Krypton.

What is the possible anesthetic use of Xenon?

It is a virtually ideal anesthetic inert gas sufficiently potent to provide rapid induction of & emergence from surgical anesthesia.

What is Radon?

It is the heaviest inert gas emitted by radium salts and is produced naturally from radioactive decay of 226Ra which is found in rocks.

What is the first triad of Group 8B?

Fe, Co, Ni.

What is the second triad of Group 8B?

Rh, Ru, Pd.

What is the third triad of Group 8B?

Os, Ir, Pt.

What is the function of iron in Hemoglobin?

It is used for oxygen transport.

What is the function of iron in Transferrin?

It is used as a transport form of iron.

What is the function of iron in Ferritin?

It is used as a storage form of iron.

What is the function of iron in Cytochrome Oxidase Enzyme?

It is used in the enzyme.

What is the alloy of iron and carbon called?

Steel (Fe + C).

What is Misch Metal?

It is a mixture of 70% Cerium and 30% Iron.

What are the toxic effects of iron?

GIT distress, cardiac collapse, black.

What is the physiological role of iron?

Iron is involved in cellular respiration and is a trace element in the body.

What are the two forms of iron?

The two forms of iron are Ferrous (Fe+2) and Ferric (Fe+3).

What is the site of iron absorption?

The site of iron absorption is the stomach and duodenum.

What is the antidote for iron toxicity?

The antidote for iron toxicity is Deferoxamine.

What is the difference between Ferrous and Ferric ions in aqueous solutions?

Ferrous ions (Fe+2) in aqueous solutions are colored green and are easily air-oxidized, while Ferric ions (Fe+3) in aqueous solutions are colored orange and hydrolyze strongly to give acid solutions.

What is the most common cause of iron deficiency?

The most common cause of iron deficiency is Microcytic hypochromic anemia.

What is the toxicity associated with iron ingestion?

The toxicity associated with iron ingestion includes GIT distress, cardiac collapse, and black stool.

What is the mechanism of action of iron hematinic preparations?

Iron hematinic preparations work by increasing the amount of iron in the body.

What is the difference between Ferrous sulfate and Ferrous gluconate?

Ferrous gluconate causes less gastric irritation compared to Ferrous sulfate.

What is the difference between Ferrous sulfate and Ferrous fumarate?

Ferrous fumarate is more stable than Ferrous sulfate.

What is the MRI contrast medium made of?

The MRI contrast medium is made of Ferric Ammonium Citrate, USP.

What is the complex used in Iron Sucrose Injection, USP?

Iron Sucrose Injection, USP uses colloidal ferric hydroxide complexed with sucrose (IV).

What is Sucrose Injection, USP used for?

It is used as a medication.

What is Saccharated ferric oxide?

It is a medication.

What is Colloidal ferric hydroxide complexed with sucrose (IV)?

It is a medication.

What is Iron Sorbitex Injection, USP?

It is a medication.

What is Sodium Ferric Gluconate Complex in Sucrose Injection, USP used for?

It is used for the treatment of IDA in patients 6 years and older with CKD receiving hemodialysis and are receiving supplementary epoietin treatment.

What is Ferumoxytol used for?

It is used for the treatment of IDA in adult patients with chronic kidney disease.

What is Ferric Sulfate, USP used for?

It is used as a dental hemostat.

What is Ferric Subsulfate Solution, USP (Monsel's solution) used for?

It is applied after superficial skin biopsies as a styptic.

What is Ferric Chloride used for?

It is used as an astringent and styptic.

What is Turnbull's blue (Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2)?

It is a compound of Ferrous ferricyanide.

What is Prussian Blue (Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3)?

It is a compound of Ferric ferrocyanide.

What is Iron Pyrite?

It is a mineral also known as "Fool's gold".

What is Cast Iron/Pig Iron?

It is a crude metal obtained from the blast furnace (92-94% Iron).

What is White Cast Iron (Cementine)?

It is a solid solution of hard brittle iron carbide formed when molten iron is rapidly cooled.

What is Gray Cast Iron (Graphite Scales)?

It is formed when liquid iron is run into sand molds and allowed to cool.

What is Wrought Iron?

It is obtained by heating cast iron with iron oxide and hammering it to remove the impurities.

What is Gray Cast Iron?

Graphite scales formed when liquid iron is run into sand molds & allowed to cool.

What is Wrought Iron?

It is obtained from removing most of the impurities from cast iron; 99.8% to 99.9% of pure iron.

What is Reduced Iron?

It is ferric oxide with the addition of Hydrogen Cobalt (Co2+).

What is Cobalt used for in the manufacture of beer?

It is used in the manufacture of beer.

What is the component of Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)?

Cobalt is the component of Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin).

What is the role of Cobalt in the development of erythrocyte and hemoglobin?

Cobalt is essential in the development of erythrocyte and hemoglobin.

What is the deficiency of Cobalt?

The deficiency of Cobalt leads to Macrocytic Anemia.

What is Cobaltous chloride (CoCl2)?

Cobaltous chloride (CoCl2) is also known as Lover's ink or Sympathetic ink.

What is Cobalt zincate?

Cobalt zincate is Rinmann's green.

What is Cobalt meta-aluminate?

Cobalt meta-aluminate is Thenard's blue.

What is Old Nick's Copper?

Old Nick's Copper is Nickel (Ni2+).

What is the color of Nickel (Ni2+) in aqueous solution?

Nickel (Ni2+) is colored GREEN in aqueous solution.

What is Nickel itch?

Nickel itch is Contact dermatitis.

What is Raney Nickel?

Raney Nickel is Ni + Al alloy.

What is German Silver?

German Silver is Ni + Zn + Cu alloy.

What is Constantan?

Constantan is Cu + Ni alloy.

What is Ruthenium (Ru)?

Ruthenium (Ru) is investigated for anticancer properties.

What is Osmium?

Osmium is the heaviest and densest metal.

What are Osmium tetroxide & Osmic acid used for?

Osmium tetroxide & Osmic acid are used for staining of specimen for electron microscopy.

What is Cisplatin, USP (Peyrone's salt)?

Cisplatin, USP (Peyrone's salt) is an antineoplastic agent for testicular and ovarian cancers (IV).