woo practical

anterior

Located towards the front of the body

posterior

Back of the body

caudal

pertaining to the tail

cephalic

pertaining to the head

dorsal

Back side

ventral

Belly

sagittal section

cut made along a longitudinal plane dividing the body into right and left parts

proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

distal

Farther from the trunk of the body

pig urogenital opening

Below umbilical chord

umbilical cord function

Supplies the developing fetus with nutrients/oxygen and removes waste product

male fetal pig

the urogenital opening will be right below the umbilical cord.

female fetal pig

the urogenital opening will be just ventral to the anus

The cheek region of the pig you dissected contained 3 digestive glands. What are these glands called?

1. sublingual gland

2. submaxillary gland

3. parotid gland

what is the function of the 3 salivary glands (sublingual, submaxillary, and parotid)?

Produce saliva containing the enzyme salivary amylase that hydrolyzes starch during chewing; mucin, a polysaccharide lubricating agent; and lysozyme, an antibacterial enzyme.

What is the gland lying on top of the black cloth? what is the major duct leading from it?

the parotid gland; the parotid duct

what is the function of the parotid duct?

Carries saliva from the salivary glands to the mouth

what is the muscle in the pig cheek?

masseter muscle

pig mouth

epiglottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.

trachea and esophagus

trachea: leads to lungs

esophagus: leads to stomach

what happens if food enters the glottis?

choking occurs

papillae

bumps on your tongue where taste buds are located.

larynx function

prevents food from entering airway, helps regulate air flow into lungs, vocalization

What gland structure was removed to reveal the larynx clearly?

trachea

thymus gland

a lymphoid organ situated in the neck of vertebrates that produces T cells for the immune system.

What keeps the larynx and trachea from collapsing when you (or a pig) bend your neck?

cartilage rings

Is the esophagus protected from collapse by cartilage rings? Why or why not?

No. The esophageal sphincter would not be able to close if there were cartilage rings, therefore there would be gastric reflux and the potential for air to enter the stomach would greatly increase.

diaphragm

gallbladder

on the undersurface of the liver


A muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion

pancreas

Gland that is below the stomach and that secrete insulin and digestive juices

fetal pig stomach

spleen

An organ that is part of the lymphatic system; it produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells.

regions of the small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

duodenum

First part of the small intestine; connects the pylorus of the stomach and the jejunum

jejunum

Middle portion of the small intestine

ileum

Third part of the small intestine

where are the large and small intestines located?

large intestine can be seen on the right side.

small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) can be seen on the left side.

This small pouch is at the junction of the small and large intestines. What is called and what is its function?

the cecum; receives waste products coming from the small intestine

chyme

Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids in the stomach.

Damage to the gastric mucosa, usually a result of bacterial (Helicobacter pylori) infection plus stomach acid, cause what kind of health problem?

gastritis or peptic ulcer

The region where a common passageway is shared by the digestive and respiratory systems is called the \________.

Pharynx

Where does the common bile duct drain into the alimentary tract?

from gall bladder and liver into the duodenum

Where in the alimentary tract does most digestion (\=hydrolysis of food macromolecules) occur? Where else does some digestion occur?

the small intestine. some other digestion occurs in the large intestine.

What is the name of the region of the small intestine directly posterior to the duodenum?

jejunum

What role does the liver play in digestion?

The organ produces a chemical called bile which is stored in a gall bladder. The bile is squeezed into the small intestine where large pieces of fat are broken up.

bile

A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles.

Does the spleen in a fetal pig viewed in a ventral dissection overlay the small or large intestine?

large

Where is the pancreas and why is it important in digestion?

Nestled behind and underneath the stomach.
Digestive gland that produce secretions to breakdown food. Is exocrine (makes insulin and glucagon to maintain glucose level) and endocrine (releases digestive juices).

What are mesenteries, and what is their functional importance?

Sheets of peritoneum. Attaches the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, and other organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen.

What are sphincters and why are they important in the digestive system?

Circular muscles that encircle and, by contracting, constrict a duct, tube, or opening. They help move chyme and bile through the digestive tract.

cardiac sphincter

Located at the base of the esophagus and functions to prevent food materials from entering the esophagus from the stomach

function of large intestine

water absorption

If you were told that an animal had a duodenal ulcer, where would you look to find it?

the beginning of the small intestine

peristalsis

Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.

histology of small intestine

iIntestinal lining has series of permanent transverse folds (circular folds), which increase surface area available for absorption

lumen of small intestine

Where pancreatic enzymes exert their action. Most absorption of food occurs here

what is a lumen

The inside space of a tubular structure (artery or intestine)

where would you expect to find chyme?

the stomach

What kind of muscles are visible in the wall of the digestive tract? What is their function?

longitudinal smooth muscles

smooth muscle digestive

mucosal, submucosal, longitudinal smooth muscle, and circular smooth muscle layers

mucosal muscle

layer of smooth muscle that regulates how we move the innermost layer

longitudinal smooth muscle

outer muscular layer

circular smooth muscle

the inner layer of smooth muscle in the wall of the digestive tract. when it contracts, the tube diameter is reduced. certain areas are thickened to act as valves (sphincters)

GI tract muscle layers

villi

Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption

microvilli

Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells, increase surface area, aid in absorbtion, exist on every moist epithelia, but most dense in small intestine and kidney

goblet cell

secrete mucus

renal arteries

blood to the kidneys

renal veins

blood away from the kidneys

ureter

A duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

urethrea

the tube that leads from the bladder to the outside of the body through the urinary opening

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

the nephron

glomeruli

tiny capillary tufts surrounded by glomerular capsule in the renal cortex part of the nephron that filters blood

Bowman's capsules

microscopic tissue bags; reabsorption of most material removed from the blood that goes back to the body, contains glomeruli

male pig reproductive

female pig reproductive

epididymis

Stores sperm

cremasteric pouch

Thin-walled elongated sac extending cross the ventral surface of the thighs. Found within the scrotal sac and inguinal canals it contains the testes and epididymis

inguinal canal

Passageway in the groin area through which the testes travel as they descend from the abdomen to the scrotum

calyxes

COLLECT urine, funnel to ureter

kidney

ovary

testis

What are the parts that any circulatory system must include?

blood or hemolymph; a pumping system; and a vascular system consisting of tubular vessels

how many cell layers do capillaries have?

1

what regulates blood flow in a capillary bed?

hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

crayfish circulatory system

open

open circulatory system

A circulatory system that allows the blood to flow out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so that the cells are in direct contact with the blood

hemolymph

oxygen and nutrient containing fluid in an open circulatory system.

crayfish heart location

Located along the dorsal midline of the pericardial cavity, just underneath the pericardial membrane

4 chambers of the heart

right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle

right atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body

right ventricle

the chamber of the heart that receives venous blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery

left atrium

Chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and pumps it into systemic circulation.

left ventricle

the chamber of the heart that receives arterial blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta

aorta

The largest artery in the body

vena cavae

Largest vein in the body. The venae cavae (inferior and superior) return blood to the heart from the body tissues.

carotid arteries

the major arteries that carry blood upward to the head

which chamber of the heart is strongest and why?

left ventricle because it had to pump high loads of blood to the aorta go to through the body