Public Health Exam 1

what ways do humans rely on animals

food, companionship, transportation, biomedical research, health promotion, service, entertainment, sport, to raise status, shelter, religion

what is zooeyia?

alludes to the benefits of pet ownership to individuals and communities
"zooion"\= animals
"hygeia"\= health

what is zoonotic disease

a disease communicable between humans and animals under natural conditions

is zoonotic disease direct or indirect

both

what are examples of indirect zoonotic disease/ how is this transmitted

transmitted via a host to transfer it (mosquito, tick); RMSF, West Nile, Chagas disease

what are examples of direct zoonotic disease/ how is this transmitted

transmitted via direct contact with infected animal; rabies, intestinal parasites, psittacosis

what is health

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not just the absence of disease or infirmity

what is public health

the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public & private communities

what we as a society do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy

what does medicine do

save one life at a time

what does public health do

save millions of lives at a time; focuses on health of the entire population

what is one health

a collabrative, multisectoral, and trans-disciplinary approach-working at a local, regional. national. and global levels- to achieve optimal health and wellbeing outcomes recognizing the interconnections between people animal plants and their shared environment

what is the essence of public health

to maximize benefits for the highest number of people while protecting individual rights

why is public health controversial

ideologies, economics, religion & morals, politics

difference between market and social justice

market: individual responsibility
social: looks at the society as a whole/ sociatal rights

what is market justice

individual responisibilty; minimal obligation to common good; fundamental freedom to all individuals to be left alone

what is social justice

minimal levels of income, basic housing, employment, and education + health care should be seen as a fundamental right to all members of society; preventable death and disability ought to be minimized; looks at society as a whole

what is the eco-healthscape

health is created and lived by people within the settings of their everyday life; where they learn, work, play, and love

what does environmental health address/ targeted towards

all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors impacting behaviors

targeted towards preventing disease and creating health supportive environments

what does environmental health encompass

the assessment(how we measure) and control environmental factors that could potentially affect health

what is the often neglected component of one health

environmental health

known avoidable environmental risks cause about how many deaths/ how much disease burden worldwide

25% / 13 million deaths per year

what do we need for human health and development

a healthy environment

what is one of the largest environmental risks to health

air pollution

how many deaths per year does air pollution cause

7 million deaths

how many people are breathing in polluted air

more than 90%

how much of the worlds population is still exposed to unsafely managed water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene

more than 50% of the worlds population

how many people die from exposure to unsafely managed water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene

800,000 deaths / year

are malaria cases and vector borne disease still a problem to environmental health

yes

how many workers die each year due to an unsafe workplace

more than one million/year

how many people die from exposure to chemicals in the workplace

more than one million/year

what system does the US have in place to help reduce unsafe workplace hazards

OSHA

what compromises the ecological and environmental integrity of living systems

climate change

what does climate change do / how

worsens the environmental risks by inducing lifecycle changes, emerging diseases in plants/food/animals, trophic cascades, interfering with the synchrony btwn interacting species, and changing/destroying habitats

what is the biggest health threat that humanity is facing / deemed by ?

climate change, according to WHO

what has the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) concluded?

to avert catastrophic health impacts and prevent millions of climate change related deaths, the world must limit temperature rise to 1.5 degrees celcius

why was climate change been termed as "threat multiplier"

because it adversely affects infectious diseases, zoonosis, food security, food safety, and local/regional/global responses to them

whos health is most at risk to adverse environmental incidents, such as climate change

those harmed first and the worst are those who contribute least to its causes (those of low income and/or from disadvantaged countries/communitiies)

what does the climate crisis threaten to do

undo the last 50 years of progress in development, global health, and poverty reduction and subsequently further widening existing health inequalities within and btwn populations

is climate change already impacting our health

yes! lots of death and illness, it is undermining many of the social determinants of health

are climate change risks equally felt amongst society

no! those who are most vulnerable and disadvantaged are suffering worse than others

what happen to pakistan in 9/2022

1/3 country was submerged
1500 people died
900,000 animals were lost
90% crops damaged

when and how many deaths is climate change expected to cause per year from malnutrition, malaria, diarrhea (from unsafe water), and heat stress alone?

btwn 2030 and 2050, there are 250,000 additional deaths/year expected

what are the direct damage costs to health estimated to be by 2030

about 2-4 million dollars/year

who does global warming affect

people, animals, plants, ecosystems

what is malaria

the worlds most important and deadly tropical mosquito borne parasitic disease

how many people die from malaria

1 million people are killed

how many people in how many countries are affected by malaria

1 billion people are afflicted by malaria in 109 countries

who and when was the first malaria vaccine approved

in october 2021 by WHO

what will happen to malaria when global temps increase

there will be enhanced transmission rates of mosquito borne diseases and a widening of geographical distrubition

what is the health of plants directly related to

drought and rainfall

how does climate change/global warming affect plants

increasing temps may alter the suitability of regions for crops & extreme weather can have severe/unpredictable effects on harvests, climate influences the spread of pests and pathogens which can lead to an increased use of fungicides/pesticides

effect of fungal pathogens

effect staple calorie crops
3 of the top 6 (wheat, soybean, & potato) are threatened bu emerging fungal pathogens
ex\= potato famine (a million deaths), soybean rust (80% yield loss)

extreme weather events due to global warming cause

increase in number and severity of extreme events, including heat waves, floods, or hurricanes

extreme heat events cause

increased health risks, hyperthermia in elderly, people under stress, increased disease susceptibility, rolling blackouts

how many people and how much do people spend on health care

over 930 million people spend over 10% of their household budget to pay for healthcare

how many people are pushed into poverty because of health shocks and stress

around 100 million people every year

what happens when there is a loss of biodiversity

there may be limited discovery of potential treatments for many diseases and health problems

the effects of climate change on humans can be masked by

socioeconomic processes or sanitation

can the effects of climate change on animals be masked

no, these effects are much more pervasive

what is biodiveristy

biological variety in all its forms, from the genetic make up of plants and animals to cultural diversity; people depend on it in their daily lives

direct and indirect effects of loss of biodiversity

direct- human health impacts (occurs when ecosystem services are no longer adequate to meet social needs)
indirect- changes in the ecosystem affect livlihoods, income, migration

biodiversity role on nutrition

biodiversity plays a crucial role in human nutrition through its influence on world food production

human health ultimately depends on

ecosystem products and services which are requisite for good human health and productive livlihoods

what is disturbing both the structure and functions of ecosystems and altering native biodiversity

human activities

major processes affecting infectious disease + transmission

deforestation, land use change, water management (ex dams), uncontrolled urbanization, resistance to pesticide chemicals, climate change, migration, international travel, trade, accidental or intentional human introduction of pathogens

patterns of infectious disease are sensitive to

changes/ disturbances of biodiversity

bats in hendra

an example of biodiversity being affected by humans; deforestation causes bats to migrate and excrete Hendra Virus

what is Hendra Virus

a zoonotic disease from bats to horses or humans

what is trophic cascade

the effects of removal or addition of keystone species that propagate through food webs across multiple trophic levels
has significant effects on the structure and stability of an ecosystem

trophic cascade levels

3rd: predator; indirectly effects 1st level
2nd: prey; primary consumer level
1st: producer
example: 3- wolf 2- deer 1- grass
the predator can indirectly affect the producer by directly affecting the prey

when do tropic cascades occur

when predators limit the density/ behavior of their prey and thereby enhance survival of the next lower trophic level

what are keystone species

present when a single species plays a crucial role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community

disappearance of a keystone species

results in a complete rearrangment of the food web
this is a trophic cascade!

trophic cascades can be top down or bottom up

top down- influence of predators and prey on lower trophic level
bottom up- influence of space and nutrients on higher trophic levels

6 core domains of veterinary public health contributions

diagnosis, surveillance, epidemiology, control, prevention, elimination of zoonotic diseases

do most private vet practitioners contribute to public health during routine practice

yes

examples of public health activities performed by private vets

health exams, immunization regimes, parasite control, immunocompromised patient risks taken into consideration, service dogs for those w/ disabilities, report disease events, collab w/ human docs for zoonotic diseases, advise local health boards

veterinarians diagnose, treat, investigate, and control...

indirect zoonoses and non-zoonotic communicable diseases that affect human health, food supply, and the national economy

what type/group of animals have increased vulnerability to infectious disease

livestock

why do we care that livestock are vulnerable to infectious disease

20,000 foodborne illnesses, 4,200 hospitalizations, and 80 deaths per year in the US due to pathogens from animal origin

although many significant diseases transmitted by food producing animals were eradicated/ controlled via pasteurization and inspections at slaughter, should we still be concerned?

yes, many are ubiquitous (ex: salmonella)

where do most outbreaks of zoonotic diseases occur

in tropical regions without comprehensive local surveillance and diagnostic and response capacity

how many vets are employed at a federal level

about 3,000

who shares the responsibility of ensuring that food, animal feed, drugs, vax, and devices are safe and efficacious

FDA, USDA, and EPA

who has access to disease pathogens, "select agents"

access was limited to legitimate facilities for legitimate uses due to inherent virulence and transmissibility

FDA regulates

all foods and food ingredients introduced into or offered for sale in interstate commerce, except for meat poultry and certain processed eggs
ex- dog food, revolution (bc it has a systemic effect)

USDA regulates

animal vaccines, biologics, and meat poultry and certain processed eggs
ex- rv vax, anthrax

FDA Center for Vet Med regulates

animal drugs, animal feeds, and vet devices

EPA regulates

pesticides
ex- frontline plus for cats

if a product/medication (like revolution) is regulated by the FDA, can it be used off-label

yes, but only bc its regulated by FDA; if it was EPA like frontline, the answer is no

insecticides that have the ability to act systemically, such as revolution, is regulated by who

FDA

role of Food Safety and Inspection Services (FSIS)

enhance public health. and well-being by protecting the public from foodborne illness and ensuring that the nations meat, poultry, and egg products are safe, wholesome, and correctly packaged

Animal and Plant Health Inspective Service (APHIS)

all they do is centered around animal and plant health; address animal welfare, biotech, wildlife damage management, global trade; made up of 6 programs; more than 8,000 employees

who has a state veterinarian

each state department of agriculture, typically

role of state vet

directly protecting the livestock, poultry, and aquaculture industries; indirectly protecting the public through the prevention, early detection, containment, and eradication of diseases that are transmissible to people; primarily target livestock diseases

current arizona state vet

dr. ryan wolker

how many states currently have a state public health vet

41

are state public health vets the same as state vets

no

role of state public health vets (SPHV)

to work in zoonotic disease control and prevention, directly focusing on protecting public health; they are typically in health department divisions of epidemiology, toxicology, or environmental health

State public health vets worry about / work for

worry about the people and work for the health department