UMKC BIO 109 LAB

The part of the compound light microscope that holds the slide in place is the

Stage

The 100X objective is also called the ______ objective.

Oil Immersion

T/F: You should always begin looking at a slide with the lowest power objective in place.

True

If you have a 10X eyepiece and a 20X objective, then the total magnification would be?

200X

If you need to change the amount of light hitting your slide, it is best to adjust the

iris diaphragm

What is the most common component of bacterial cell walls?

peptidoglycans

The stain responsible for giving certain bacteria a purple color is

crystal violet.

The most important step in the Gram stain is the application of

alcohol/acetone

Coccus

Round shaped

Bacillus

Rod shaped

Spirillum

Gram positive

Thick peptidoglycan layer in their simple cell wall, stained purple by crystal violet.

Gram negative

Have more complex cell walls and less peptidoglycan.

Outer membrane on the cell wall contains lipopolysaccharides

Lose the blue/purple stain but retain the safranin and appear pink/red

Benificial Bacteria

- Bacteria in our intestines produce important vitamins.

- Prokaryotes recycle carbon and other chemical elements between organic matter and the soil and atmosphere.

- More than half of our antibiotics from the soil bacterium Streptomyces

_Symbiotic relationships (Mitochondria and chloroplast used to be prokaryotes living within a host)

Which ecological category contains the fungus-like protists?

slime molds

Paramecium, Plasmodium, and dinoflagellates all belong to the clade

Alveolates

Diatoms belong to the clade

Stramenopiles

The complex of organelles that some protists possess for penetrating into host cells is called a(n)

Apex

The Alveolate that causes malaria is

Plasmodium

Which of the following protists is known to "bloom?"

Dinoflagellates

The purpose of the contractile vacuole in Paramecium is to

regulate water balance

Amoeba use _____ to capture and ingest food

pseudopodia

T/F: Fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.

True: they are heterotrophic and store glycogen (carbohydrates)

T/F: Red and green algae are strictly multicellular.

False:

T/F: Protists are Eukaryotes?

True:

How do Protozoa ingest food?

phagocytosis

How do slime molds obtain nutrients?

absorbing nutrients from decomposing organic materials (fungus-like)

How does a mixotroph obtain nutrients?

combining photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition and can use whichever energy source is available

What (1) Clade belongs to Supergroup Excavata?

Euglenozoans

(Euglenids- Euglena)

(Kinetoplastid- Trypanosoma)

What (3) Clades belong to Supergroup "SAR"?

Stramenopiles

Alveolates

Rhizarians

What (1) Clade belongs to supergroup Unikonta?

Amoebozoans

(Ameoba,

Plasmodial slime mold,

Cellular Slime mold)

What (2) clades belong to Supergroup Archaeplastida?

Red Algae

Green Algae

Red Algae

Archaeplastida

Green Algae

Archaeplastida

Amoebozoan- Plasmodial slime mold

Vegetative state is called a plasmodium

Multinucleate mass

Reproduction - fruiting bodies produce

spores

Amoebozoan- Cellular slime mold

Mulitcellular

Optimum conditions: individual ameboid cells

Sub-optimum conditions:

-cells aggregate together to form a pseudoplasmodium

- fruiting body is formed to produce spores

- released spores develop into individual ameboid cells

Diatoms

Stramenophile

Autotrophic, silica cell wall, Pennate or centric form, Major component of phytoplankton, Diatomaceous Earth

Brown Algae

Stramenophile

Macroscopic, autotroph, some seaweeds & kelps, Algin used as a thickening or emulsifying agent, Fucoxanthin used as a weight-loss supplement

((Blade, stipe, holdfast, float))

Water mold

Stramenophile

Fungus-like hyphae and mycelia

May be saprophytic (absorb nutrients from decaying matter) or parasitic, can kill potato crops.

Alveolates - Dinoflagellates

Cingle-celled, Red tide "bloom", secrete toxins that kill fish, Two flagella that make them spin as they move through the water

Alveolates- Apicomplexan

(Plasmodium)

Parasitic, causes 90% of malaria in humans, Apex contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues

Kinetoplast

Mass of mitochondrial DNA

Euglenozoans - Trypanosoma

Flagella, undulating membrane, Parasitic, heterotrophic, causes African Sleeping Sickness carried by testes fly, lives in blood of rats

Euglenozoans - Euglena

2 flagella, eye spot, contractile vacuole, chloroplast, pellicle, auto or mixotrophioc, primary producer

Stramenophiles

At some point in their life cycle, stramenopiles have a "hairy" flagellum paired with a "smooth" flagellum

Centric Vs Pennate

Diatom shape

Naegleria fowleri

Brain eating amoeba found in warm water, enters through nose

Alveolates - Paramecium

Single-celled, heterotrophic, food vacuole, oral groove, gullet

Trichocyst

harpoon-like thread ejected as a defense mechanism or means to capture prey

Rhizarians

-Threadlike pseudopodia for feeding or locomotion

Foraminiferans

planktonic or benthic

calcium carbonate test (shell)

test remains form limestone deposits

reticulopodia form a dense network

Radiolarians

planktonic

silicon dioxide skeleton

axopodia extend radially

through pores

Amoebozoans - Amoeba proteus

Lobed pseudopodia for moving and ingesting, lack a shell, vacuole

Fungi store excess carbohydrates in the form of

glycogen.

Fungi that feed on dead material are said to be

saprophytic

The mutualistic relationship with plant roots and fungi is called

mycorrhizae

In fungi, the fusion of the cytoplasm of two cells is called

plasmogamy

Conidia are formed in

asexual reproduction

6. The mushroom is a reproductive structure called a(n)

basidiocarp

Red algae are also called

rhodophytes

8. The filamentous green algae that contain corkscrew-shaped chloroplasts are the

Spirogyra

The reproductive life cycle of land plants is called

alternation of generations

In land plants, sperm are produced by mitosis in

antheridia

In plants, the openings for gas exchange are called

stomata

In ferns, clusters of sporangia under the fronds are called

Sori

Which of the following is NOT a shared trait of plants and charophytes?

a. flagellated sperm

b. cell plate

c. gene sequences

d. alternation-of-generation life cycle

alternation-of-generation life cycle

Which of the following is a seed-bearing vascular plant?

a. fern

b. conifer

c. liverwort

d. moss

Conifer

Which of the following is a seedless vascular plant?

a. fern

b. conifer

c. liverwort

d. moss

Fern

T/F: A heterosporous plant has both megasporangia and microsporangia.

True

Heterospory is primarily found in ______ plants.

a. nonvascular

b. seedless vascular

c. seed-bearing vascular

d. All of the above.

seed-bearing vascular

In the alternation of generation life cycle, gametes are produced by

Mitosis

The stigma is a ______ structure.

Female

stamen

Male

Which of the following is NOT a plant tissue system?

a. dermal

b. vascular

c. flower

d. ground

Flower

In angiosperms, which structure contains the male gametophyte?

Pollen grain

Which process increases the genetic diversity of flowering plants?

a. cross-fertilization

b. double fertilization

c. primary growth

d. pollination

cross-fertilization

The fusion of egg and sperm nuclei is known as

fetrilization

The overall female reproductive structure of a flower is the

Carpel

Which structure contains pollen grains?

Anther

In a seed, which of the following structures is triploid?

Endosperm

Which of the following increases the length of a plant?

a. pith

b. apical meristems

c. vascular cambium

d. vascular cylinders

apical meristems

Which cells in a leaf carry out photosynthesis?

Mesophyll

The pith and cortex are part of the ______ tissue system.

Ground

In a stem, the region between the epidermis and vascular bundle is called the

cortex

Hyphae

threadlike filament; basic structure

of a fungus

mycelium

= mass of connected hyphae

Fungi cell walls composed of _____, a carbohydrate

chitin

Lichens

Symbiotic

mycorrhizae

- fungus provides nutrients

and minerals

- plant provides carbohydrates

Fungi 3 important phyla:

Zygomycota (zygote fungi)

Ascomycota (cup or sac fungi)

Basidiomycota (club fungi)

Zygomycota

sporangia/spores

Asexual zygomycota

conidia

Asexual Ascomycota and Basidiomycota structures

Gymnosperm

Pollen grain

internal fertilization

reduced gametophyte

ovule: naked seed

Vascular tissue

Angiosperm

Pollen grain

internal fertilization

reduced gametophyte

Ovule, seed, fruit, carpel, flowers

Double fertilization (endosperm)

Advanced vascular tissue

Herbaceous and woody habits

Annual and periannual

Do Bryophytes have motile sperm that require water, have a dominant gametophyte phase, and lack vascular tissue?

Yes ( liverworts)

Do seedless vascular plants have sperm that require water for fertilization and reduced gametophyte stage?

Yes

What type of plant does these derived features belong to:

Independent Sporocyte stage

strobili

Complex stomata

heterospory

Seedless vascular plants (club mosses)

Antheridium

Produce and protect sperm

Gametophyte (fern)

Archegonia

Produce and protect egg

Gametophyte (fern)

Sporangia

Site of meiosis

protects spores

(club mosses)

Strobilus

Enhanced spore dispersal