Lab quiz #2

The skeleton

it’s divided into 2 parts

* the axial skeleton
* the appendicular skeleton

Axial Skeleton

it includes the following:

* the skull
* vertebral column
* thoracic cage (the ribs & sternum)

appendicular skeleton

composed of the bones of the appendages (limbs) & the bones that attach them to the girdles

joint

where two or more bones come together

* they’re classified structurally; by the tissue/space found between adjacent bones
* and functionally by how much movement they allow

Functional classifications

• synarthrosis

• amphiarthrosis

• diarthrosis

synarthrosis

allows no movement

\

amphiarthrosis

\
slightly movable joint

diarthrosis

freely movable joint

\

Structural classifications & subtypes

fibrous

two bones are separated by dense regular connective tissue

\

suture (fibrous)

found between the bones of the skull

\

syndesmosis

articulating bones joined by long piece of dense regular connective tissue

\

gomphosis

occurs between the teeth & the maxilla or mandible

\

cartilaginous

two bones are separated by cartilage

\

synchondrosis (cartilaginous)

bones are connected by hyaline cartilage

\

symphysis (cartilaginous)

bones are connected by fibrocartilage

\

synovial joints

two bones are separated by a synovial cavity, lined by a synovial membrane & filled with synovial fluid

\

planar (synovial)

nonaxial movement (movement does not occur in relation to an axis)

pivot (synovial)

unaxial movement (movement occurs around one axis)

hinge (synovial)

uniaxial movement

saddle (synovial)

biaxial movement (movement occurs around two axes)

condylar (synovial)

biaxial movement

ball & socket (synovial)

triaxial movement (movement around 3 axes)

frontal bone (beginning cranial skull)

parietal bone

temporal bone

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mastoid process

styloid process

external auditory meatus

zygomatic process of the temporal

mandibular fossa

auditory ossicles

incus (a type of auditory ossicle)

malleus (type of auditory ossicle)

stapes (type of auditory ossicle)

occipital

occipital condyles

foramen magnum

external occipital protuberance

sphenoid

greater wings (in sphenoid)

lesser wings (in sphenoid)

sella turcica (in sphenoid)

pterygoid process (in sphenoid)

ethmoid

superior nasal conchae (part of ethmoid)

middle nasal conchae part of ethmoid)

sutures

where the flat bones of the skull meet, the periostea fuse to make immovable joints

sagittal suture

between the 2 parietal bones

\

coronal suture

between the frontal bone & parietal bones

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lambdoid suture

between the occipital bone & parietal bone

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squamous suture

between the parietal & temporal bones

\

orbit (beginning facial skull)

hard palate

nasal septum

maxilla

mandible

coronoid process of mandible

ramus of the mandible

mandibular condyles

zygomatic

temporal process of zygomatic

nasal

lacrimal

vomer

palatine

inferior nasal conchae

(not part of ethmoid)

vertebrae ( beginning vertebral column)

body

spinous processes

ver

vertebral foremen in a thoracic vertebrae

vertebral arch

inferior articular processes

superior articular processes

transverse processes

intervertebral disc

vertebral canal

cervical vertebrae

ligamentum nuchae

transverse foramen in a cervical vertebrae

Atlas (C1)

Axis (C2)

Odontoid process

thoracic vertebrae

Lumbar vertebrae

sacrum

sacral canal

sacral foramen

coccyx

manubrium of sternum (beginning thorax)

body of sternum

xiphoid process

true ribs (7)

connect directly to the sternum through their own costal cartilage

false (vertebrochondral ribs; 3)

connect to the sternum but indirectly through the costal cartilage of rib 7

false (floating ribs; 2)

do not attach to the sternum

atlanto-occipital joint (beginning joints)

articulation between C1 & the occipital bone

• allows us to say yes

• diarthrotic

• synovial

• condylar

atlantoaxial joint

articulation between Atlas C1 & Axis C2

• allows us to move our heads from side to side

• diarthrotic

• synovial

• pivot

costochondral joint

articulation between the ribs & the costal cartilage

• synarthrotic

• cartilaginous

• synchondrosis

intervertebral- adjacent articular process

articulation between the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebral bodies

• diarthrotic

• synovial

• gliding

intervertebral- adjacent bodies

articulate with the intervertebral discs

• amphiarthrotic

• cartilaginous

• symphysis