HONR 210B Exam 1

"Emperor of the Romans"

Charlemagne

- in 800 CE, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne in a ceremony in Rome on Xmas day

- regarded as holy bc Charlemagne is the main supporter of the Catholic Church and is why people trust him so much

Aix-la-Chapelle

Modern day Germany. Where Charlemagne built his palace and was crowned.

- the capital of Charlemagne's empire

Angles/Saxons

Two groups that combined together

Conquered Southeastern Britain and were originally from Germany and Denmark

- migrated to Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries CE, and played a significant role in the formation of early English culture and society.

Balkan Peninsula

A large peninsula in southern Europe bounded by the Black, Aegean, and Adriatic seas.

- A peninsula in southeastern Europe that was a key battleground during the medieval period, as various empires and kingdoms vied for control over the region.

Black/Bubonic Plague

- 1347 to 1350

- germ carried by fleas on rats

- brought on Silk Road and through ports of Italy

- no quarantine

- 1/4 to 1/2 population loss in Europe

- killed 30% of the population

- symptoms : high fever, aching joints, black blotches from blood under skin, coughing up blood

- social and economic upheaval

Caliph

successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims

- a religious king

- authority attributed to God's will, a Defender of Faith, and governed under legal code of the Koran

Charlemagne

King of the Franks and the Holy Roman Emperor

reigned from 768 CE to 814 CE (46 years)

- was able to conquer Northern Italian Lombards, Muslim of Spanish march, piece of land south of Pyrnenees Mtns, Bohemian slaves, and slovakia

Children's Crusade

A failed crusade led by young people, mostly children and teenagers, who believed that their innocence would make them more effective in reclaiming the Holy Land from Muslim control. It occurred in 1212 and ended in tragedy, with most of the participants dying or being sold into slavery.

Commodities

Traded items/ goods bought and sold usually for profit

Ex: food, spices, wood, gold, salt

During the medieval period, trade in commodities such as spices, silks, and precious metals played an important role in the development of international trade and the growth of towns and cities.

Crusades

A series of military campaigns launched by Christian forces in Europe to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control. They lasted from the late 11th century to the late 13th century and had a significant impact on medieval European

"War of the cross." In 1095 at Council of Claremont Pope Urban II called on all Christians to fight a religious war against Muslims. Nobles saw as opportunity to acquire wealth and land, middle class wanted to increase trade, serfs wanted freedom. The 1st and 3rd wars were most important.

Donation of Pepin

When Pepin defeated the Lombards he gave the lands (central Italy) to the Pope. Established Catholic Church's control over large part of central Italy.

A land grant made by the Frankish king Pepin the Short to the Pope in the 8th century that helped to establish the temporal power of the Papacy in Italy and paved the way for the creation of the Papal States.

Feudalism

A system of social, economic, and political organization that was prevalent in Europe during the medieval period. It was characterized by a hierarchy of lords and vassals, with land and other resources exchanged for loyalty and military service.

A political system focusing on regional decentralized gov, and local military defense. Social system which est. steadfast social distinctions. Economic regimens of agricultural, self-sufficient manors. King gives land to nobles, nobles give protection to peasants and military to king, peasants give $ and soldiers to nobles. Monarch could not exercise much authority beyond royal domain, local territories controlled by nobles. On a noble's territory lived many serfs who raised livestock and farmed and owed taxed to lord.

Flemish City States

A group of cities in modern-day Belgium and the Netherlands that were part of a larger network of urban centers in northern Europe during the medieval period. These city-states played an important role in the growth of international trade and commerce.

Ghent and Burges (modern day Belgium)

Frederick Barbarossa

German king who led the 3rd crusade

A Holy Roman Emperor who ruled from 1155 to 1190 and was known for his military campaigns in Italy and the Holy Land. He was a key figure in medieval European history and is remembered for his role in the Third Crusade.

Godfrey of Bouillon

A prominent figure in European history and leader of the First Crusade in the late 11th century. He was a nobleman from the region of Bouillon in present-day Belgium, and he played a key role in the capture of Jerusalem in 1099.

Hanseatic League Cities

A group of cities in northern Europe that formed an alliance in the 14th and 15th centuries for the purpose of promoting trade and commerce. They became a powerful economic and political force in the region, and its members played a key role in the development of international trade.

Huns

Nomadic people originating from Central Asia who played a significant role in world history during the 4th and 5th centuries. They were known for their military prowess and their conquests led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

Italian City States

A group of independent city-states in Italy during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. They were known for their economic and cultural prosperity and included cities such as Florence, Venice, and Genoa.

Khadija

The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad and one of the most important figures in the early history of Islam. She played a crucial role in the development of the religion and was a successful businesswoman in her own right.

Life in Medieval Towns

Crowded because no town planning. Dangerous at night because dark and no protection/police. Town's walls protected from outside threats but prevented growth. No sanitation led to disease.

Lothar

A Frankish king who ruled over the Middle Kingdom of the Carolingian Empire during the 9th century CE, and played a crucial role in the division of the empire between his brothers, Charles the Bald and Louis the German.

Mayor of the Palace

A high official in the Frankish kingdoms during the Merovingian dynasty, who served as the chief advisor to the king and had significant powers over the administration of the kingdom.

Middle East

A region of the world located in Western Asia and North Africa, known for its rich cultural and historical significance, including the birthplace of many major world religions and empires throughout history.

Naples

A city located in southern Italy that was a major cultural and economic center throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance.

Ostrogoths

An East Germanic people who played a significant role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and established their own kingdom in Italy in the 5th and 6th centuries CE.

Paris

The capital city of France, located in the northern part of the country. It played a pivotal role in many significant historical events, including the French Revolution and the World Wars. It is also renowned for its architecture, museums, and cultural landmarks, such as the Eiffel Tower and the Louvre Museum.

Phillip Augustus

The king of France from 1180 to 1223. He expanded the French territories through strategic marriages, diplomacy, and military campaigns, including the successful reconquest of Normandy and other English-held territories. He is also known for his patronage of the arts, including the construction of the Louvre palace.

Red Sea

A body of water located between the Arabian Peninsula and Africa, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean. This sea has played an important role in the history of the region, serving as a major trade route for spices, gold, and other commodities. It is also notable for its diverse marine life and coral reefs.

Rome

The capital city of Italy and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. It was the center of the Roman Empire, which was the dominant power in the Mediterranean world for centuries. It is known for its rich history, art, architecture, and cultural heritage, and has played an important role in shaping Western civilization.

Serfdom

A system of labor that existed in medieval Europe, in which peasants were bound to work the land and provide labor to their lord in exchange for protection and security. These people were not free to leave the land they worked and were considered the property of their lord.

Trading Cities

Cities that grew wealthy and powerful through trade, such as Venice, Genoa, and Alexandria, which played a significant role in the economic and cultural exchange during the medieval period.

Umayyads

A Muslim dynasty that ruled the Islamic caliphate from 661 to 750 CE, which expanded the empire's territories and oversaw significant advancements in architecture, science, and literature.

Visigoths

Germanic people who migrated into the Roman Empire and played a significant role in its decline during the 4th and 5th centuries CE. They are known for their sack of Rome in 410 CE and their establishment of a powerful kingdom in Spain that lasted until the 8th century.

"Rub' Al khali"

"Empty Quarter in south Arabian Peninsula. very dry

Also known as the "Empty Quarter," it is a vast desert region covering much of the southern Arabian Peninsula.

Amsterdam

A European country that primarily focused on commercial trading between other northern European countries.

It was also part of the Hanseatic League

Arabian Peninsula

A peninsula located in Southwest Asia, which is home to some of the most important sites in Islamic history, including Mecca and Medina.

Battle of Tours

A battle fought in 732 CE between the Franks and the Muslim Moors, which halted the advance of Islam into Europe and is considered a turning point in Western history.

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Castle

A fortified structure built during the medieval period for defensive purposes, usually housing a lord or noble family and their retainers. Castles played a significant role in medieval warfare and the social organization of feudal society.

Charles Martel "The Hammer"

A Frankish ruler who defeated an invading Muslim army at the Battle of Tours in 732, thereby halting the expansion of Islamic forces into Europe. He is credited with saving Europe from Muslim conquest and is regarded as a hero in French history.

Chivalry

Code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages

It emphasized virtues such as honor, loyalty, and courage, and was an important influence on the development of medieval literature and culture.

Constantinople

The capital city of the Byzantine Empire, located in modern-day Turkey. It was one of the most important cities in the medieval world, serving as a center of trade, culture, and political power.

Damascus

A city in Syria that has a long and rich history, dating back to ancient times. It has played an important role in the development of various civilizations, including the ancient Greeks, Romans, and Muslims.

Drawbridge

A bridge that can be raised or lowered to prevent or allow passage. usually to a castle

Fiefdom

A piece of land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and military service. These pieces of land were a key element of the feudal system and helped to establish the social and political hierarchy of medieval Europe.

Florence

A city in central Italy that played an important role in the cultural and economic development of medieval Europe. This city was a center of art, literature, and scholarship, and was home to some of the most influential artists and thinkers of the period.

Genoa

A city-state in northern Italy that played an important role in the medieval economy and was a major center of trade and commerce. It was known for its powerful navy and its control of key trade routes in the Mediterranean.

Greek Orthodox

A branch of Christianity that developed in the eastern part of the Roman Empire and became the dominant form of Christianity in the Byzantine Empire. It is characterized by its use of Greek language and liturgy, as well as its emphasis on mystical and contemplative aspects of faith.

Hegria

The flight of the Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, which marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. This event was a crucial turning point in the development of Islam, and it marked the beginning of a period of expansion and growth for the religion.

Iberian Peninsula

the peninsula where present-day Spain and Portugal are located

Jerusalem

A city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews.

Knight

A man who received honor and land in exchange for serving a lord as a soldier.

Lord

In feudal Europe, a person who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals

Lombards

A Germanic people who migrated to Italy and established a kingdom that lasted from the 6th to the 8th century CE, known for their military prowess and cultural achievements.

Louis/Ludwig

A name shared by several important rulers in European history, including Louis XIV of France, Ludwig van Beethoven, and Ludwig II of Bavaria.

Mecca

A holy city in Saudi Arabia that is considered the birthplace of Islam and the site of the Kaaba, the most sacred site in Islam.

Moat

A deep, wide trench dug around a castle or fortress to provide a defensive barrier against attackers.

Normandy

A region of northern France that played a significant role in European history, including the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, as well as various other military campaigns and cultural developments.

Ottoman Empire

A powerful empire that originated in modern-day Turkey and lasted from the 14th to the early 20th century, known for its significant military, cultural, and political achievements.

Pepin

The first king of the Carolingian dynasty, ruling from 751 to 768 CE. He succeeded his father, Charles Martel, and expanded the Frankish kingdom through conquests in Germany and Italy. He is also known for his alliance with the papacy, which helped him legitimize his claim to the throne.

Portugal

A country located on the Iberian Peninsula, bordering Spain to the east and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Portugal played a significant role in the Age of Exploration, with Portuguese navigators and explorers such as Vasco da Gama and Ferdinand Magellan pioneering new trade routes to Asia and the Americas.

Richard the Lionhearted

The king of England from 1189 to 1199 and a prominent figure in the Third Crusade. He is known for his military prowess and had a reputation for being ruthless and vindictive, particularly towards his Muslim opponents.

Royal Domain

the territory that is directly controlled by a monarch or king. In medieval Europe, royal domains were often large areas of land that were owned by the king and used to generate income through taxes and other forms of revenue. The royal domain was considered the most important part of the kingdom and was often the seat of royal power.

Sunni/Shiite

two branches of Islam, the second largest religion in the world. Sunni Islam is the largest branch and is followed by the majority of Muslims worldwide, while Shiite Islam is the second-largest branch and is mainly practiced in Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, and Lebanon. The division between Sunni and Shiite Muslims dates back to the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 AD.

Shiites: only someone who descended directly from the prophet

Sunni: those who supported Umayyads

Treaty of Verdun

A treaty signed in 843 CE, which divided the Carolingian Empire among three grandsons of Charlemagne and marked the beginning of the fragmentation of Europe into smaller kingdoms.

Urban II

The Pope who called for the First Crusade in 1095 CE, which was a military campaign to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslim forces and had a significant impact on Christian-Muslim relations.

Abbasids

A dynasty of caliphs who ruled the Islamic world from 750 to 1258 CE. They are known for their contributions to literature, philosophy, and the arts, as well as their role in the development of Islamic culture.

Andalusia

A region in southern Spain that was ruled by the Moors from the 8th to the 15th centuries, and was known for its cultural and intellectual achievements during this time.

Attila

A ruler of the Huns who led invasions of the Roman Empire in the 5th century CE, and is known for his brutal tactics and reputation as the "Scourge of God."

Bedouin

Nomadic Arab tribes that played an important role in the history and culture of the Arabian Peninsula.

Bruges

A city in Belgium that was a major center of trade and commerce during the medieval period, particularly in the wool trade.

Centralized Monarchy

A system of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of a single ruler or monarch, who exercises control over all aspects of governance. During the medieval period, centralized monarchies began to emerge in Europe as feudalism gave way to more organized systems of governance.

Charles the Bald

A Frankish king who ruled from 840 to 877 and was a grandson of Charlemagne. He is best known for his struggles with his brothers over control of the Frankish Empire and for his efforts to defend his kingdom against Viking invaders.

Christian Kingdoms

Kingdoms or countries ruled by Christian monarchs or governments. During the medieval period, these kingdoms in Europe engaged in a series of conflicts with Muslim forces for control of the Holy Land and other territories.

Cordova

A city in southern Spain that was the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate of Al-Andalus. An important center of Islamic learning and culture during the medieval period.

Dark Ages

A term used to describe the period in European history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the High Middle Ages. This period was characterized by political instability, economic decline, and a general lack of cultural and intellectual development.

Lombardy

A region in northern Italy that was historically ruled by the Lombards, and became an important center of trade and commerce during the Middle Ages.

Magyars

A people of Central Asia who migrated to the Carpathian Basin in the 9th century CE, and established the Kingdom of Hungary, which played a significant role in European politics and culture.

Medina

A city in Saudi Arabia that was the site of the Prophet Muhammad's final years, and is considered the second holiest city in Islam after Mecca.

Mohammed

Prophet of Allah; founder of Islam.

The founder of Islam and the last prophet in Islamic tradition, born in Mecca in the 6th century CE. His teachings and the religion he founded had a significant impact on the political and cultural landscape of the Middle East and beyond.

Norsemen

Another name for Vikings; First Europeans to reach North America

A term used to describe the Scandinavian seafarers and warriors who raided and traded throughout Europe and the Mediterranean during the Viking Age.

Palestine

A region in the Middle East that has been a contested territory for centuries, with various peoples and empires laying claim to the land throughout history.

Persian Gulf

A body of water located in the Middle East, between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran, connecting the Mediterranean world with the Indian Ocean. It is also a major source of oil, with several countries in the region relying on its reserves for economic prosperity.

Primogeniture

A system of inheritance where the eldest son of a family inherits all of the property and titles upon the death of his father. This system was common in European monarchies and aristocracies, but was also used in other societies around the world. It often led to political instability and family feuds over inheritance.

Saladin

a Muslim military leader and sultan who rose to prominence during the Crusades. He was born in Tikrit, Iraq in 1137 and became the Sultan of Egypt and Syria in 1174. He is best known for his military campaigns against the Crusaders, particularly his victory over the army of King Richard I of England in the Battle of Hattin in 1187.

Syria

a country in the Middle East that has a rich history dating back to ancient times. The region has been ruled by various empires and kingdoms, including the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, and the Ottoman Empire. In recent years, this country has been the site of a devastating civil war that has caused immense human suffering and displacement.

Troubadours

Poet-musicians who emerged in southern France during the 12th and 13th centuries, who composed and sang songs about chivalry, courtly love, and other themes that reflected the ideals of medieval society.

Vandals

A Germanic tribe that established a powerful kingdom in North Africa in the 5th century CE, which sacked Rome in 455 CE and played a role in the downfall of the Western Roman Empire.

Abu Bakr

The first caliph of Islam, who succeeded the prophet Muhammad as the leader of the Muslim community after his death in 632 CE.

Angel Gabriel

According to Islamic tradition, the angel who appeared to the prophet Muhammad and revealed the Quran to him.

Baghdad

The capital of the Abbasid caliphate and an important center of learning and culture during the Islamic Golden Age.

Black Sea

A body of water located between southeastern Europe and western Asia, which played an important role in trade and communication during the medieval period.

Byzantine Empire

The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and continued to be a major power in the Mediterranean world until its fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 CE.

Ali

The 4th caliph; the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad who was meant to be the original successor of Muhammad but was too young. Caused warfare between the Sunnis and Shi'a for not punnishing the murderer of the 3rd caliph, Uthman

- he was murdered and replaced by a member of Umayyad family. leads to the division of muslims between Sunni and Shiites

Clovis

The first king of the Franks, who ruled from 481 to 511 and is considered the founder of the Merovingian dynasty. He is also known for his conversion to Christianity, which helped to establish Christianity as the dominant religion in France.

Council of Claremont

A meeting of Christian leaders in 1095, called by Pope Urban II, to discuss the need for a crusade to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control. The Council of Claremont is seen as the starting point for the First Crusade.

Decrease of Nobility

A trend during the medieval period in which the power and influence of the nobility began to decline while the power of monarchs and centralized governments increased.

Exhibition/Fairs

Public events held during the medieval period in which merchants and craftspeople would display and sell their goods. Exhibitions and fairs were an important part of the medieval economy and played a key role in the growth of towns and cities.

Five Pillars of Islam

true Muslims were expected to follow (principle of Salvation): belief in Allah (there is no god but god and Mohammed is his prophet), pray 5 times a day, giving of alms (generosity to the poor is a duty), fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime

Guilds

Associations of craftsmen and merchants in medieval Europe, which served to regulate the production and sale of goods, protect the interests of their members, and maintain standards of quality. They played an important role in the development of urban life and commerce, particularly during the Middle Ages.