Exam 1

Lecture Exam

anatomy

study of structure

physiology

study of function

tissue groups

* muscular
* nervous
* connective
* epithelial

negative feedback

homeostatic control mechanism that minimizes/diminishes the stimuli response

positive feedback

homeostatic control mechanism that maximizes/amplifies the stimuli response

transcellular sites

optic, synovial, digestive system, bladder, cerebral spinal fluid

edema

buildup of interstitial fluid

capillary

endothelial cells; separates blood plasma from interstitial fluid

cell membrane

separates interstitial fluid from intracellular

passive transport

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

facilitated diffusion

carrier-mediated osmosis; using transport proteins embedded in the cell membrane

osmolarity

concentration of solute per liter of water

osmosis

movement of solvent moving from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

osmotic pressure

the force under which solvent moves from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

tonicity

the ability of an external solution to cause water to move into or out of a cell

isotonic

same tonicity

hypertonic

higher tonicity than reference solution, water moves towards the hypertonic solution (leaves cell)

hypotonic

lower tonicity than reference solution, water moves into cell

lysis

rupture of cell wall

active transport

can move against a concentration gradient; requires energy

vesicle transport

to move large macromolecules into or out of the cells

endocytosis

to bring something from outside into the cell

pinocytosis

cell drinking small amounts

phagocytosis

cell eating large amounts

exocytosis

vesicle from inside the cell fuses with the plasma membrane releasing contents outside

carrier mediated transport

requires ATP and transmembrane proteins

digestion

the physical and chemical breakdown of feeds undergo in the GI tract to release nutrients for absorption and use by the body

alimentary canal

gastrointestinal tract; a continuous tube through the animal from mouth to anus

digestive tract

gastrointestinal tract + accessory glands

gut

small + large intestines

eating

consuming or ingesting ingredients/nutrients

feeding

to give food

hunger

physiological need to eat food, signal to start

satiety

absence of hunger, signal to stop

appetite

a desire to eat food

carnivore

mono gastric (simplest)

omnivore

monogastric

herbivore

monogastric & ruminants (most complex)

prehension

to seize, grasp, and covey food to the mouth

mastication

chewing, physical breakdown of feed

avian mastication

they do not chew

sympathetic nervous system

prepares your body for fight, flight, or fright

parasympathetic nervous system

prepares your body to relax

salivary amylase

breaks down amylase (complex sugar)

cleft palate

birds have an opening in between the nasal cavity and the mouth

avian tongue

the tongue is bone covered with epithelium

5 modalities

salt, sweet, bitter, sour, umami

cats

who lacks the gene that codes for sweet taste buds?

taste buds

receptors on tongue papillae

parotid gland

salivary glands, largest, in front of ears, serous

submaxillary glands

mandibular, under lower jaw, mixed

sublingual glands

under tongue, mucous

salivary glands

ducted exocrine glands that secrete either mucous or serous fluid (watery)

inability to swallow

why do rabid animals salivate so much?

salivary gland function

* lubrication & binding
* solubilize (taste)
* oral hygiene
* alkaline buffer (ruminants)
* evaporative cooling

dentition

arrangement and condition of teeth

teeth functions

eat, groom, defense

heterodonty

having different types of teeth

deciduous

baby or milk teeth

rabbits and rodents

constantly growing teeth

tusks

continuously growing “front teeth”

equines

constantly erupting teeth

eustachian tubes

pharynx openings to middle ears

nasal passages

pharynx openings from internal nares

paranasal sinuses

sinuses off of/near the nasal passageway; mammals and birds

* frontal sinuses
* maxillary sinuses

frontal sinuses

on each side of nose in the frontal bone, lighten skull, keep inside nose moist

maxillary

sinuses under the eyes

sinusitis

inflammation of the sinuses

deglutition

swallowing

active swallowing

voluntary; move bolus to the back of the mouth

involuntary swallowing

reflex; stuff is moved down the esophagus

gravity

how do birds swallow?

esophagus

tube from pharynx to the stomach through the thoracic cavity

tunics

different layers

mesentary

fold of tissue, anchors internal organs to body wall

serosa

outer layer of esophagus, covered by mesentary

longitudinal

smooth outer layer of muscle in esophagus

circular

smooth inner layer of muscle in esophagus

submucosa

layer of esophagus with glands

mucosa

epithelium layer of esophagus, closest to lumen

peristalsis

rhythmic muscular contractions move and mix food with enzymes

stomach

begins chemical breakdown of food

mono gastric stomach

simple, c-shaped, short term storage, chemical & enzymatic breakdown, liquefaction of food

cardio-esophageal sphincter

prevents reflux to esophagus

pyloric sphincter

prevents premature release into duodenum

rugae

ridges inside stomach to increase surface area

non-glandular region

where most susceptible to ulcers

zymogen

a proenzyme; activated to an enzyme, doesn't require ATP

pepsinogen

from chief cells; H+ activate → pepsin

rennin

young ruminants, curdles milk protein

casein

milk protein

HCl

how do non-ruminants curdle milk?

chyme

gastric juice + foodstuff

mucous cells

secrete alkaline mucous to protect stomach lining

gastric juice

produced in the funds & body of the stomach

gastric juice components

* HCl
* bicarbonate (pancreas)
* water
* electrolytes
* mucus
* intrinsic factor

gastric glands

where is gastric juice secreted from?

gastric pits

narrow tube like structures that house gastric glands

parietal cells

which cells secrete HCl?

gastric chief cells

where is pepsinogen secreted from?