Medicine through time

What made up the Four Humours?

Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile

Which ancient thinkers helped to spread the ideas of the Four Humours?

Hippocrates and Galen

What did people believe happened to the Four Humours when you became ill?

They became imbalanced

What did Galen think the Four Humours were made from?

Food

What did Medieval people think were the three causes of disease?

God (punishment for sin), miasma, astrology (planets)

What was miasma?

Bad air

Where did miasma come from?

Rotting flesh or vegetables

How did the Church prevent new ideas about medicine from developing?

Controlled education and rejected ideas against its beliefs

How would people use religion to treat illness during the Medieval period?

Pray, fast, go on pilgrimage

What were amulets used for during the Medieval period?

To scare off illness

Why did people use bleeding when ill during the Medieval period?

To rebalance the humours

Why did people use purging when ill during the Medieval period?

To rebalance the humours

What did the regimen sanitatis tell people to do?

Eat moderately, avoid bad air, exercise

What did physicians do to treat the ill during the Medieval period?

Checked urine, used star charts, followed books

What did apothecaries do to treat the ill during the Medieval period?

Gave herbal remedies and purges

What did barber-surgeons do to treat the ill during the Medieval period?

Bleeding, minor surgery, tooth removal

What happened in hospitals during the Medieval period?

Provided food, shelter, and prayer

Who ran hospitals during the Medieval period?

The Church (monks and nuns)

Who looked after the ill at home during the Medieval period?

Women in the family

What did people believe caused the Black Death?

God, miasma, astrology

How did people use religion against the Black Death?

Pray, fast, pilgrimage

How did people try to stop miasma during the Black Death?

Burn strong smells, boil vinegar

How did physicians treat the Black Death?

Bleeding and purging

How did the wealthy avoid the Black Death?

Left cities

How did the poor avoid the Black Death?

Avoided infected people

What does quarantine mean?

Isolating people to stop disease spreading

What did governments do during the Black Death?

Quarantined people for 40 days

How did governments reduce miasma during the Black Death?

Cleared rubbish and bodies

What did people believe caused disease during the Renaissance?

Miasma (less belief in God/astrology)

How was religion still used in the Renaissance?

Prayer, fasting, pilgrimage

What changed about the Four Humours in the Renaissance?

Doctors began to doubt it

What stayed the same about the Four Humours?

Treatments still used it

How did Thomas Sydenham change diagnosis?

Observed symptoms carefully

How did Sydenham change treatment?

Treated symptoms as a group

How did the printing press help medicine?

Books became cheaper and spread ideas faster

When was the Royal Society founded?

1660

How did the Royal Society help medicine?

Shared ideas, supported by the king

What key idea was shared in its journal?

Microorganisms (animalcules) existed

How did urine diagnosis change in the Renaissance?

Used less

What treatments continued in the Renaissance?

Herbal remedies, bleeding, purging

How did people try to stop miasma in the Renaissance?

Strong smells

What did apothecaries and surgeons need in the Renaissance?

A licence

How did their work improve?

Better training

Why did dissections increase?

Church influence weakened

Who did Vesalius challenge?

Galen

How did Vesalius prove Galen wrong?

Men and women have the same number of ribs

What did Vesalius produce?

Detailed anatomy books

What was his book called?

On the Fabric of the Human Body

What was medical chemistry?

Using chemicals/metals to treat disease

Name a metal used in medical chemistry

Antimony

How did ideas about causes of disease change?

Birth conditions could affect health

How did cleanliness change?

More washing clothes, fewer public baths

What new environmental ideas developed?

Weather and seasons affect illness

How did the government act more in the Renaissance?

Cleaned streets to reduce miasma

How did Henry VIII affect hospitals?

Closed monasteries, reduced hospitals

How did hospitals improve later?

Focused more on treatment

What were pest houses?

Specialist hospitals for infectious diseases

What new idea about disease spread developed?

Disease could be passed between people

Who influenced William Harvey?

Vesalius

How did Harvey disprove Galen?

Blood not made in liver

What did Harvey prove?

Heart pumps blood in a closed system

Why was Harvey’s impact limited?

People didn’t know how to apply it

What caused the Great Plague?

Miasma and God

How was the Great Plague treated?

Sweating, herbs

What strange treatment was used?

Chickens on buboes

How did government respond to the Great Plague?

Killed cats, cleaned streets

How did quarantine change?

Houses shut for 28 days

What is spontaneous generation?

Idea that microbes appear from rotting matter

Who developed Germ Theory?

Louis Pasteur

When was it published?

1860

What did Pasteur experiment on?

Wine and vinegar

Who proved microbes cause disease?

Robert Koch

What was the first disease-causing microbe identified?

Tuberculosis

When was TB discovered?

1882

When was cholera bacterium discovered?

1883

Who developed agar and petri dish methods?

Robert Koch

Who invented the petri dish?

Joseph Petri

What revolution took place?

Scientific Revolution

How many hospitals existed in 1700?

5

Who used hospitals?

Deserving poor

Who improved nursing care?

Florence Nightingale

When was the Crimean War?

1854

What happened to death rates?

40% → 2%

How did hospital design improve?

Better ventilation, larger wards

What was Nightingale’s school?

Nightingale School at St Thomas’ Hospital

When was Nightingales school founded?

1860

What was the first anaesthetic?

Ether

Who improved the first anaesthetic?

James Simpson

What was the improved anaesthetic?

Chloroform

When was chloroform made?

1847

Why was chloroform controversial?

Risky, against religion, overdoses

Who supported chloroform?

Queen Victoria who used it during childbirth

Who discovered antiseptics?

Joseph Lister

When was antiseptic discovered?

1865

What chemical was used?

Carbolic acid

When was the Public Health Act?

1875

What did the public health act of 1875 improve?

Sanitation, water, food, housing

What is inoculation?

Giving small amount of disease

What is vaccination?

Giving weakened disease