History Exam Study guide

What does MANIA stand for?

Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, Assassination

What is Militarism?

in 1914 most European countries had large standing armies, reserves, and some compulsory, service for young men

When did Germany begin to build up its navy?

late 1890s

What is alliances?

to maintain a balance of power and to ensure security, countries formed alliances

Assassination -

Heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Franz Ferdinand, assassinated on 28 June 1914

who entered into an agreement?

Austria-Hungary, Italy

What was the agreement called between Austria - Hungary and Italy?

Triple Alliance

What is the Triple Alliance?

the countries promised to protect each other if one of them was attacked

In 1894 what two countries signed an agreement to support each other and were afraid of the strength of the Triple Alliance?

France, and Russia

in 1904 who signed the Entente Cordiale?

United Kingdom

When was the Triple Entente form?

1907

What did the Triple Entente include?

UK, France, and Russia

What did Germany want to expand and build?

their navy, and an empire

Why was Germany building an empire and expanding their navy a threat to the UK?

they had the biggest navy in the world

What did the UK build in 1906?

HMS Dreadthought

What was the HMS Dreadthought?

the first modern battleship

What did Germany build to match the UK’s

battleships

what were some problems with the Balkans?

Ottoman Empire decaying, the Yugoslavs trying to set up an independent South Slavic state, Austria - Hungary trying to stop the ambitions of the South Slavs, Russia encouraging Pan - Slavism to protect their interests in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea

Who did Austria - Hungary annexed?

Bosnia - Hersegovia

Who did Bosnia want to unit with?

Serbia, another Slavic country

What organization was formed to assassinate Franz Ferdinand?

The Black Hand

What was the Black Hand?

A group of Serbian who wanted Austria - Hungary to leave Bosnia

When was Archduke Franz Ferdinand visiting Sarajevo, the Capital of Bosnia?

28 June 1914

Who assassinated Franz Ferdinand?

Gavrilo Princip

What was the outbreak of the war?

The Emperor of Austria - Hungary was angry at the assassination

The emperor of Austria - Hungary issued a _________ to Serbia.

Ultimatum

Serbia _______ to all of the points in the Ultimatum.

disagreed

Who did Austria - Hungary declare war on?

Serbia

When did Austria - Hungary declare war on Serbia?

July 29 1914

The German Kaiser, ______________, promised Austria-Hungary that he would support them

Wihelm III

What is the promise called about German Kaiser promised to support Austria Hungary?

Blank Check

Who did Russia support?

Serbia

What kind of country is Serbia?

Military

What is the Schlieffen Plan?

German military strategy for the invasion of France anticipating a two - front war.

Who was Germany going to invade?

France

How was Germany going to invade France?

Through Neutral Belgium

Who did Germany want to defeat first on the Western Front?

defeat France

Who did Germany want to mobilize a defeat on the Eastern Front?

Russia

What were the assumptions of the Schlieffen Plan?

* minimal resistance from Belgium
* Russia would take 6 weeks to mobilize their army, which would give Germany time to defeat France to concentrate on their forces on the Eastern Front
* Uk would not get involved in the war

Why did the Schlieffen Plan fail?

* The Belgian Army managed to slow the German advance, which gave France time to move its forces to the Belgian border
* Russia mobilized its army in 10 days, which made Germany move their forces to the Eastern front
* UK declared war on Germany, honoring a treaty from 1839 that guaranteed Belgium’s neutrality

When did the Battle of Marine occur?

5 - 12 September 1914

What occurred during the battle of the Marne?

* France launched a counter-attack at the Battle of Marne
* Germans had to retreat
* Armies became immobile on the Western front
* It became clear that this would not be a quick war
* Trenches were dug from Switzerland to the North Sea

What was the Trench Warfare?

400 mile-long line of trenches dug on the Western Front

What were some problems and dangers in the trenches?

* Rats
* Lice
* Shellfire
* Trench foot
* Shell Shock
* Deep mud
* Going to No Man’s Land
* Barbed Wire

What were some conditions in the Trenches?

* Trenches were about 6”5” with wooden supports on both sides
* They had dugouts where soldiers could sleep or rest
* The area between was called “no man’s land”

What is Shell Shock?

A mental health conditions caused by soldiers’ exposure to the horrors of war and the constant explosions around them

How were Soldiers recruited to the British Army?

* The UK had a larger navy than an army
* They needed to launch a recruitment campaign
* Soldiers from all over the British Empire joined the war
* Conscription

What was the Military Service Act?

* First compulsory military service in Britain
* Conscription for men aged 18-41

When was the Military Service Act formed?

January 1916

What were some technology that was created in WWI?

Tanks, Zeppelins, Submarines/U Boats, Poison Gas

Machine Guns, Grenades

Tanks -

* First sued at the Battle of the Somme by the British
* Offered protection crossing “No man’s land”

Poison Gas -

Mustard gas caused burns, Chlorine gas caused breathing problems, used by germans

Germans declared what to be a war zone?

the water around the British Isles

In 1915 Germans sank the _________

Lusitania

What was the Lusitania?

a passenger ship in the Celtic Sea

How many people were killed in the sinking of the Lusitania?

1,200

How many Americans were killed in the Lusitania?

118

What was the Treaty of London?

Italy made an agreement with Britain, France, and Russia that if the Allies won Italy would get some territory in the Adriatic Sea, the Balkans, and Germany’s colonies in Africa. In exchange, Italy had to open up a front against Austria - Hungary.

When was the Treaty of London formed?

1915

What was the Battle of Gallipoli?

* January 1915 the UK recommended an onslaught at the Dardanelles
* 450,000 Allies landed in Gallipoli, mostly ANZAC (Australia and New Zealand Army Corps) forces
* It was given up after almost a year

When did the Battle of Jutland begin?

31 May - 1 June 1916

What is the Battle of Jutland?

* Largest Naval battle of WWI off the coast of Denmark in the North Sea
* Germany v. Britain
* Germany retreated

When did the Battle of Verdun begin?

21 February - 18 December 1916

What is the Battle of Verdun?

* Germans planned an offensive on the Western Front
* Longest battle in WWI
* French victory

When did the Battle of the Somme begin?

1 July 1916 - 18 November 1916

What is the Battle of the Somme?

* Allies planned an offensive on the Western Front
* 6 month battle
* Britain used the tank for the first time
* Germans finally abandoned

When was the Zimmermann Telegram?

January 1917

What are Zimmermann?

Zimmermann was the German State Secretary for Foreign Affairs

The Zimmermann Telegram -

* Sent the Mexican government a telegram asking them to join Germany in WWI
* promised Mexico that if they joined, Mexico could get back territory lost during the Mexican - American War (1846 - 1848)
* The note was intercepted by the British and then passed on to the Americans

How many soldiers died in 1915?

2 million

how many soldiers died in 1916?

1 million

What happens in March 1917?

Czar Nicholas II abdicates

What happens in March-November 1917?

Provisional Government took over

Who is Vladimir Lenin?

* living in exile in Western Europe for almost 20 years
* In April 1917 the German offered Lenin safe passage through Germany to get back to Russia
* Germans brought Lenin back to Russia on a sealed train

Why did the Germans help Lenin get back to Russia?

To get Russia out of the war thru a revolution in Russia led by Lenin

When was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed?

3 March 1917

What is the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

Bolsheviks and Germans began to negotiate the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to get the Russians out of the war

What were some causes of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

* Russians borderlands became independent
* Russia out of WWI
* Germany’s biggest success of the war

Who tried to keep US out of the war?

Woodrow Wilson

Wilson got a __________________ from Congress on 2 April 1917.

declaration of war

What are the 14 points?

Guidelines for how to handle the peace process and the postwar world

How long was the US in WWI?

4 months

What helped the Allies win?

the forces of the US

By July 1918 how many American troops were arriving in France every month?

250,000

When was Armistice Day?

11th hour on the 11th day on the 11th month

What is Armistice Day?

German delegation agreed to the terms of the armistice on a railway carriage in France

What was the Paris Peace Conference?

* 27 nations showed up for the conference but the talks were dominated by the Big Four
* Held in Paris between January 1919 - 1920

Who were the big Four?

Woodrow Wilson (USA)

Georges Clemenceau (France)

David Llyod George (GB)

Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

The Treaty of Versailles was signed between ______

Allies and Germany

When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?

28 June 1919

What were some affects after the Treaty of Versailles?

* Germany not allowed to unify with Austria


* Germany banned to reduce its army by 100,000 soldiers
* Germany had to give up its overseas territories
* Germany only allowed to have 6 naval ships and no submarines
* Germany had to pay 269 billion marks in reparations to the Allies

What is the Clause 231 “war guilt clause”?

Germany had to take responsibility for starting the war

What is Hemophilia?

A medical condition where the blood does not clot properly and it causes excessive bleeding

who is Grigori Rasputin?

Siberian peasant who was introduced to the czar and czarina as Alexei’s healer for his hemophilia

Who was obsessed with Marx’s writings and believed that they were sceintific?

Lenin

Who did Russia ally with?

France

What was St. Petersburg renamed to?

Petrograd

Who led the Red Army?

Leon Trotsky

War comunism -

government controlled the banks, industries, seized grain from peasants→ brought most of the state under Communist control

what did the Whites and Reds have in common?

both anti-Bolshevik