Biopsych Exam 3

2x chromosomes

female

1x and 1y chromosomes

males

sex determining region on y chromosomes that causes embryos undifferentiated gonads to develop into testes, sperm-producing organs

SRY gene

Androgens are produced by

testes

horomones that are more present in males that increase the growth of testes and cause wolffian ducts to develop into semincal vesicals

androgens

seminal vesicles are sacks that store

semen and the vans deferens

the duct from testes to the penis

vans deferens

Testes produce

androgens and MIH (mullerian inhibiting hormone)

The mullerian inhibiting hormone causes

mullerian ducts to degenerate which results in a developed penis and scrotum

females develop ovaries because they do not have the

SRY gene

\\_______ degenerate in women just like _________ degnerate in men

wolffian ducts; mullerian ducts

mullerian ducts mature into

ovlducts, uterus, upper vagina

females produce more

estrogen

Androgens and Estrogens are

steroid hormones

steriod hormones exert effects quickly in 3 ways by

1\. bind to membrane receptors 2\. enter cells and activate proteins in cytoplasm 3\. bind to receptors that bind to chromosomes where they activate/inactivate certain genes

most widley known androgen

testosterone

most widley known estrogen

estradiol

What does progesterone do?

prepanes uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum and promotes maitenence of pregnancy

of the males y chromones how many are active in the brain (specific areas)

3

How many genes on x chromosomes are active in female brain

1

organizing effects of sex hormones have to do with

structural effects

Sensitive period (early development) determines wheter

body develops male or female genetics, genitals

Activiating effects occur only when hormone is

present

pregnancy horomones (temporary) effecting emotions is an example of an

activating effect

__ is essential for penis growth

dihydrotestosterone

How does the male hypothalamus differ from the female? Why would they be different?

male hypothalamus releases hormones at a steady pace while girl hypothalamus has a cyclical pattern

what parts of male and female brain differ

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, parts of spine

blood contains high levels of Alpha tetoprotein during early development that

bind to circulating estradiol and prevents it from entering from cells so female brain isnt exposed to estradiol

Prostaglandin E2

increases microglia, dendrtic spines, and synapses

ventromedial hypothalamus

has to do with PI3 kinase

PI3 kinase is

an enzyme that increases the release of glutamate, helps with dendritic branches

In AN and AVPN estradiol releases

gaba

oxytocin stimulates contractions of uterus in labor and

mammary gland to release milk

\\____ can release oxytocin

sexual pleasure

Oxytocin makes you feel

calm

what makes men sensitive in their penis

testosterone

Dopamine stimulates

d1 and d5 receptor

d1 and d5 receptors

give men erections and give females sex postures

What is it called when you cant get erect

impotence

follicle stimulation hormone does what

promotes growth of follicle in ovary

fertility is highest during

preovulatory period (middle of period)

during your preovulatory period you are more turned on- why?

testosterone

birth control pills prevent pregnancy by interfering with

usual feedback cycle between ovaries and pituitary

Serotonin 3 receptor is responsible for

nausea

\\____ effects ones ability to recognize facial emotions

testosterone

Women are better at seeing facial emotions than men T/F

T

hormones for producing milk

prolactin and oxytocin

prolactin inhibts sensitvity to____ enabling mother to eat more

leptin

Vasopressin

important for olfactory recognition

Olfactory (smell ) recognition is important for

men

When a baby is born how is the father affected

testosterone decreases and prolactin increases

men with lower testosterone levels and raised prolactin:

spend more time caring for and playing with children

birth control has

estradiol and progesterone

penis and ovaries both develop from same embryonic structure T/F

T

Second part of charles Darwin selection theory is

sexual selection

sexual selection says that

genes that make an individual more appealing to the other sec increase the probility of reproduction

gender identity

What we consider ourselves to be

sexual differences

biological differences male vs female

hemaphrodite

has male and female organs/anatomy

Qualities of a TRUE hemaphrodite

has both testicular and ovarian tissue

you can become a hemphrodite when

a womens releases 2 ova and each are fertilized by different sperm that fuse together instead of making twins

the most common cause of being a hemaphrodie is

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

the overdevelopment of the adrenal glands from birth

Girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia

are more interested in boy toys or are neutral and perform better on spatial and mechanical skills

testicular feminization is caused by_____ and results in

caused by andgroen insensitivity and results in smaller than average penis (looks like female vagina) you find out when you do not get a period

bisexuality is more common in _ than _

women, men

hormones for producing milk

prolactin and oxytocin

Serotonin 3 receptor is responsible for

nausea

\\____ effects ones ability to recognize facial emotions

testosterone

Serotonin 3 receptor is responsible for

nausea

the third inrerstital nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus(INAH-3) is

twice as large in heterosexual (straight) men as in women or homosexual men; this part of the brain has more androgen receptors in men than women and probably plays a role in male sexual behavior

INAH3 (third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus)

is twice as large in a man than in women and gay men

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

pairing 2 stimuli changes the response to one of them

conditioned stimulus (CS)

initially elicits no response and then presents the unconditioned stimulus which automatically creates the unconditioned response

unconditioned stimulus (US)

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.

conditioned response (CR)

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

Pavlov dogs

Bell- CSMeat-UCSmeat stimulated dog to salivate UCRafter many such pairings the sound alone (CS) caused the dog to salivate

instrumental/operant conditioning

response leads to reinforcer or punishment

Engram (Lashley)

Connection of two brain areas as a result of memory. The physical changes in the brain associated with a memory. It is also known as the memory trace.

Lashley did what experiment to test cerebral cortex

rats on mazes

How did Lashey test the cerebral cortex of rats?

he moved portions of their cerebral cortex and then made them do the maze; the less amount of cortex the worse they preformed

Lashley's two principles about nervous system

equipotentiality and mass action

equipotentiality

Says that all parts of the cerebral cortex contribute equally to learning and any part of the cortex can subsitiute for another part of it

Mass action

the cortex works as a whole, and more cortex is better

lateral interpositus nucleus (LIP)

is essential for learning

Richard F. Thompson looked at engram in the cerebellum and

wanted to determine the location of learning

Richard F. Thompson found that

the LIP is essential for learning

short-term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. May help you reconstruct something you forgot.

working memory

we store info while we are working with it

if something is in short term memory for a significant amount of time it can be

consolidated or turned in to longterm memory

A common test of working memory is the

delayed response task

the delayed response task is when

you respond to something that you saw or heard a while ago

Korsakoff's syndrome

an alcohol related disorder caused by prolonged THIAMINE deficiency, it causes shrinking and loss of neurons. It is marked by apathy, extreme confusion, memory impairment, and other neurological symptoms- similar to damage of prefontal cortex

A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff symptom

confabulation

confabulation is a symptom of korsaloff where patients

fill memory gaps in with guesses

Alzheimer's disease

main cause of memory loss in old age, gradual progression to more serious memory loss, confusion, depression, restlessness, hallucinations, delusions, sleepiness and loss of appetite.

gene for controlling early onset alzheimers

Amyloid - B

Infant amnesia

not remembering alot from first few years of life

antergrade amnesia

inability to form new memories after brain damage- H.M had this