Chapter 17 the endocrine system BIO 211

Does the nervous or endocrine system use chemicals that bind to specific receptors on their target cells?

Both systems

Does the nervous system or endocrine system share many chemical messengers?

Both systems

Does the nervous system or endocrine system regulated primarily by negative feedback mechanisms?

Both systems

Is it the goal of the nervous system or endocrine system to preserve homeostasis

Both systems

What is the chemical messenger called in the nervous system?

neurotransmitters

What is the chemical messenger called in the endocrine system?

hormones

What is the main goal of both the nervous and endocrine system?

To preserve homeostasis by coordinating and regulating other cells, tissues, organs, and systems

What is the signaling mechanisms for the Endocrine system?

Chemical

What is the signaling mechanisms for the Nervous system>

Chemical/ Electrical

What is the primary chemical signal of the Endocrine system?

Hormones.

What is the primary chemical signal of the Nervous system.

Neurotransmitters.

What is the distance traveled for the Endocrine system?

Long or short.

What is the distance traveled for the Nervous system?

Always short

What is the response time for the Endocrine system?

Fast or slow

What is the response time for the Nervous system?

Always fast

What is the environment targeted for the Endocrine system?

Internal

What is the environment targeted for the Nervous system?

Internal and external

Exocrine glands maintain contact with?

The body surface by a duct (epithelial tube that directs secretions to the surface. )

what are some examples of the Ducts in the exocrine glands?

Tear, sweat, and mammary glands.

Endocrine glands do not have contact with the?

Body surface or cavities which lead to the “outside”

Endocrine glands have no?

Ducts

Endocrine glands secrete hormones ?

Directly into the blood.

Liver, gonads, and the pancreas have?

Endocrine and Exocrine functions

What are the types of Chemical signaling ?

Autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling.

Autocrine signaling elficts?

Response in cell that secreted it

Paracrine signaling is?

Local communication.

Hypothalamus Secretes?

hormones involved in fluid balance, smooth muscle contraction, control of hormone secretion by anterior pituitary gland (releasing hormones)

Pituitary gland Secretes?

hormone stimulating melanin production and multiple hormones regulating endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex, thyroid gland, and reproductive organs

Pineal gland Secretes?

melatonin, which affects reproductive function and circadian (day/night) rhythms

Thyroid gland Secretes?

hormones affecting metabolic rate and calcium ion levels in body fluids

Parathyroid glands Secrete?

hormone important to regulation of calcium ion levels in body fluids

Adrenal glands Adrenal cortex secretes?

hormones involved with mineral balance, metabolic control, and resistance to stress

Adrenal Medulla releases?

epinephrine and norepinephrine during sympathetic activation

Pancreas (pancreatic islets) Secretes?

hormones regulating rate of glucose uptake by cells.

Amine hormones include?

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

Catecholamines (Epi, NE, DA)

Peptide hormones include?

Polypeptide (ADH, OXT)

Small proteins (Insulin, GH, PRL)

Glycoproteins (TSH, LH, FSH)

Protein (Insulin, Glucagon, GH)

Lipid derivatives include?

Steroid hormones (testosterone, progesterone)

What are the components of Amine Hormone?

Amino acids with modified groups.

What are the components of Peptide hormone?

Short chains of linked amino acids.

What are the components of proteins hormone?

Long chains of linked amino acids.

Steroid hormone

Derived from the lipid cholesterol.

Lipid soluble hormones are?

protein bound except DHEA

Lipid soluble hormones have a?

Long half life

Are all Lipid soluble hormones synthesized as needed?

No, except for thyroid hormone, all Lipid soluble hormones are synthesized as needed.

Lipid soluble hormones have no?

surface receptors

How do Lipid soluble hormones initiate protein production in target cells?

A Lipid soluble hormone directly initiates the production of proteins within a target cell. It easily diffuses through the cell membrane, binds to its receptor in the cytosol, forming a receptor-hormone complex. The complex then enters the nucleus and binds to the target gene on the DNA, which leads to transcription of the gene and creation of messenger RNA that is translated into the desired protein within the cytoplasm

How do steroid hormones initiate protein production in target cells?

They enter the cell easily, bind to their receptors in the cytosol, and form a complex that enters the nucleus. Once in the nucleus, it binds to DNA genes, and triggers transcription of messenger RNA, which is further translated into proteins within the cytoplasm.

Water soluble hormones have?

Surface receptors and a G protein

Water soluble hormones are?

Soluble except IGF - protein bound

Water soluble hormones have a?

short half life

Water soluble hormones use a?

Second messenger (IP3, cAMP, Ca2+, DAG)

Water soluble are stored in?

Lipid vesicles

Water-soluble hormones cannot?

diffuse through the cell membrane.

Water soluble hormones must?

bind to a surface cell membrane receptor. The receptor then initiates a cell signaling pathway within the cell involving G proteins, adenylyl cyclase, the secondary messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP), and protein kinases. In the final step, these protein kinases phosphorylate proteins in the cytoplasm. This activates proteins in the cell that carry out the changes specified by the hormone.

What are the associated hormones of the Pituitary (anterior) glands.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

What is the chemical class for the Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) of the Pituitary (anterior) gland?

Glycoprotein

What is the effect of the Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) of the Pituitary (anterior) gland?

Stimulates thyroid hormone release.

What is the chemical class for the Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) of the Pituitary (anterior) gland?

Peptide

What is the effect of the Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) of the Pituitary (anterior) gland?

Stimulates hormone release by adrenal cortex.

What is the chemical class of the Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) of the Pituitary (anterior) gland?

Glycoprotein

What is the effect of the Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) of the Pituitary (anterior) gland?

Stimulates gamete production

What is the chemical class of the Luteinizing hormone (LH) of the Pituitary (anterior) gland?

Glycoprotein

What is the effect of the Luteinizing hormone (LH) of the Pituitary (anterior) gland?

Stimulates androgen production by gonads.

What are the associated hormones of the Pituitary (Posterior) glands?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Oxytocin

What is the chemical class of the Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) of the pituitary (posterior) gland?

Peptide

What is the chemical class of the Oxytocin of the pituitary (posterior) gland?

Peptide

What is the effect of the Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) of the pituitary (posterior) gland?

Stimulates water reabsorption by kidneys.

What is the effect of Oxytocin of the pituitary (posterior) gland?

Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth.

What are the associated hormones for the Thyroid gland?

Thyroxine (T4)

Triiodothyronine (3)

Calcitonin

What is the chemical class of the Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (3) of the Thyroid gland?

Amine

What is the effect of the Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (3) of the Thyroid gland?

Stimulate basal metabolic rate

What is the chemical class of Calcitonin of the Thyroid gland?

Peptide

What is the effect of Calcitonin of the Thyroid gland?

Reduces blood Ca2+ levels

What is the associated hormone of the parathyroid gland?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

What is the chemical class of the Parathyroid hormone (PTH) of the Parathyroid gland?

Peptide

What is the effect of the Parathyroid hormone (PTH) of the Parathyroid gland?

Increases blood Ca2+ levels

What are the associated hormones of the Adrenal (cortex) glands?

Aldosterone

Cortisol

Corticosterone

Cortisone

What is the chemical class of the Aldosterone of the Adrenal (cortex) gland?

Steroid

What is the chemical class of the Cortisol, Corticosterone, and Cortisone of the Adrenal (cortex) gland?

Steroid

What is the associated hormones of the Adrenal (medulla) gland?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

What is the effect of the Aldosterone of the Adrenal (cortex) gland?

Increases blood Na+ levels

What is the chemical class of the Epinephrine and norepinephrine in the Adrenal (medulla) gland?

Amine

What is the effect of the Epinephrine and norepinephrine in the Adrenal (medulla) gland?

Stimulate fight or flight response

What are the associated hormones of the Pineal gland?

Melatonin

What is the chemical class of the Melatonin of the Pineal gland?

Amine

What is the effect of the Melatonin of the Pineal gland?

Regulates sleep cycles

What are the associated hormones of the Pancreas?

Insulin and Glucagon

What is the chemical class of the Insulin of the pancreas?

Protein

What is the effect of the Insulin of the pancreas?

Reduces blood glucose levels

What is the chemical class of the Glucagon of the pancreas?

Protein

What is the effect of the Glucagon of the pancreas?

Increases blood glucose levels

What are the associated hormones of the Testes?

Testosterone

What is the chemical class of the Testosterone of the Testes?

Steroid

What is the effect of the Testosterone of the Testes?

Stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics and sperm production

What are the associated hormones of the ovaries?

Estrogens and progesterone

What is the chemical class of the Estrogens and progesterone of the ovaries?

Steroid

What is the effect of the Estrogens and progesterone of the ovaries?

Stimulate development of female secondary sex characteristics and prepare the body for children.

What are some factors affecting target cells response?

Downregulation, Upregulation, and Hormone interactions

Downregulation is when?

Target cells decrease receptors for hormones

Upregulation is when?

Target cells increase receptors for hormones