Biology Chapter 3

average precipitation of tundra

15-25 cm

temperature range of tundra

-34°-12°C

plant species in the tundra

short grasses and shrubs

animal species in the tundra

caribou, polar bears, wolves, salmon, trout

geographic location of the tundra

south of the polar ice caps in the northern hemisphere

abiotic factors in the tundra

soggy summers, permafrost, cold and dark much of the year

average precipitation of the boreal forest

30-84 cm

temperature range of the boreal forest

-54°-21°C

plant species in the boreal forest

spruce and fir trees, deciduous trees, small shrubs

animal species in the boreal forest

moose, beavers, deer, wolverines, mountain lions

geographic location of the boreal forest

northern part of north america, europe, and asia

abiotic factors of the boreal forest

short and moist summers, long cold and dry winters

average precipitation of the temperate forest

75-150 cm

temperature range of the temperate forest

-30°-30°C

plant species in the temperate forest

oaks, beeches, maples, shrubs

animal species in the temperate forest

squirrels, rabbits, skunks, deer, foxes, black bears

geographic location of the temperate forest

south of the boreal forests in eastern North America, eastern Asia, Australia, and Europe

abiotic factors of the temperate forest

well-defined seasons, hot summers, cold winters

average precipitation of the temperate woodland and shrubland

38-100 cm

temperature range of the temperate woodland and shrubland

10°-40°C

plant species in the temperate woodland and shrubland

evergreen shrubs, corn oak

animal species in the temperate woodland and shrubland

foxes, jackrabbits, bobcats, coyotes, lizards, snakes, butterflies

geographic location of the temperate woodland and shrubland

surrounds the Mediterranean sea, western coasts of North and South America, South Africa, and Australia

abiotic factors of the temperate woodland and shrubland

very hot and dry summers, cool and wet winters

average precipitation of the temperate grassland

50-89 cm

temperature range of the temperate grassland

-40°-38°C

plant species of the temperate grassland

grasses and herbs

animal species of the temperate grassland

gazelles, bison, horses, lions, deer, mice, coyotes, foxes, wolves, quail, snakes, grasshoppers, spiders

geographic location of the temperate grassland

north america, south america, asia, africa, and australia

abiotic factors of the temperate grassland

fertile soil, hot summers, cold winters, moderate rainfall, possible fires

average precipitation of the desert

2-26 cm

temperature range of the desert

high: 20°-49°C
low: -18°-10°C

plant species in the desert

cacti, joshua trees, succulents

animal species in the desert

lizards, bobcats, tortoises, rats, antelope, desert toads

geographic location of the desert

every continent except europe

abiotic factors of the desert

varying temperatures, low rainfall

average precipitation in the tropical savanna

50-130 cm

temperature range of the tropical savanna

20°-30°C

plant species in the tropical savanna

grasses and scattered trees

animal species in the tropical savanna

lions, hyenas, cheetahs, elephants, giraffes, zebras

geographic location of the tropical savanna

africa, south america, australia

abiotic factors of the tropical savanna

hot and rainy summers, cool and dry winters

average precipitation of the tropical seasonal forest

>200 cm

temperature range of the tropical seasonal forest

20°-25°C

plant species in the tropical seasonal forest

deciduous and evergreen trees, orchids, mosses

animal species in the tropical seasonal forest

elephants, tigers, monkeys, koalas, rabbits, frogs, spiders

geographic location of the tropical seasonal forest

africa, asia, australia, and south and central america

abiotic factors of the tropical seasonal forest

rainfall is seasonal

average precipitation of the tropical rainforest

200-1000 cm

temperature range of the tropical rainforest

24°-27°C

plant species in the tropical rainforest

broadleaf evergreens, bamboo, sugar cane

animal species in the tropical rainforest

chimpanzees, Bengals (tigers), elephants, orangutans, bats, toucans, sloth, cobras (snakes)

geographic location of the tropical rainforest

central and south america, southern asia, western africa, northeastern australia

abiotic factors in the tropical rainforest

humid all year, hot and wet

how many biomes are there

9

what are the biomes

tundra, boreal forest, temperate forest, temperate woodland and shrubland, temperate grassland, desert, tropical savanna, tropical seasonal forest, tropical rainforest

what unique characteristic does the tundra have

permafrost

what other names does the boreal forest have

northern coniferous forest or taiga

what other name does the temperate forest have

deciduous forest

what is the other name for shrubland

chaparral

grasslands are called _ in asia

steppes

grasslands are called _ in north america

prairies

grasslands are called _ in south america

pampas, llanos, and cerrados

grasslands are called _ in africa

savannas and velds

grasslands are called _ in australia

rangelands

community

group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time

all communities do not include

the same variety of organisms

limiting factor

any abiotic factor that restricts the numbers, reproduction, or distribution of a species

factors that restrict the growth of one population

might enable another to thrive

range of tolerance

upper and lower limits that define the conditions in which an organism can survive

tolerance

the ability of an organism to survive when subjected to abiotic and biotic factors

ecological succession

change in an ecosystem that happens when one community replaces another as a result of changing abiotic or biotic factors

two types of succession

primary and secondary

primary succession

establishment of a community by pioneer species bc there is no topsoil

climax community

mature community that results when there is little change in the composition of a species

is a climax community likely to occur? why or why not

no, disturbances and adaptations

secondary succession

orderly and predictable change that takes place after a community of organisms has been removed but the soil remains intact

_ succession is faster than _ succession

secondary, primary

ecosystems on land are grouped into biomes primarily based on

plant communities, animal species, weather, latitude, and climate

weather

condition of the atmosphere at a specific time and place

latitude

distance north or south of the equator

latitude at equator

0°

latitude at the poles

90°

the sun's light strikes the equator more directly than at the poles, causing

earth's surface to be heated differently in different areas

three zones

polar, temperate, tropical

climate

average weather conditions in an area

mountains contain many biomes depending on

elevation

aquatic ecosystems are based on abiotic factors such as

waterflow, depth, distance from shore, salinity, and latitude

three types of aquatic ecosystems

freshwater, transitional, or marine

types of freshwater ecosystems

rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and wetlands

plants and animals in freshwater ecosystems adapted to the low _ of the water and are _

salinity, unable to survive in water with high salinity

_% of all water is freshwater

2.5

in rivers and streams, water flows ...

in 1 direction beginning at its source and traveling to where it empties into a larger body of water

source of a river or stream is called its

headwater

end of river or stream is called its

mouth

landscape slope determines

direction and speed of the water flow

sediment

material deposited by water, wind, or glaciers

interactions between wind and water

adds oxygen to the water

interactions between land and water

erosion

erosion changes

nutrient availability and paths