APUSH Key Terms (part 2)

The Lost Cause (18)

what white, previously slave owning southerners referred to the slave owning confederate south as after the fact

Plantation School of Southern History (18)

documents in which white previously slave owning southerners glorified the slave owning confederate south after the fact

Plessy v. ferguson (18)

established “separate but equal” doctrine - made segregation “justified”

Grandfather clause (18)

clause in the south that said any black person whose grandfather had been in slavery could not vote - since no black people were free of that, none could vote

Solid south (18)

time in which the south was fully democratic and politically united

Lynching (18)

the hanging of black people in public places who were accused for raping white women when most of the time it wasn’t true - they would come up with other excuses to lynch them as well

Ida b wells (18)

woman and journalist who openly fought against lynching

booker t. washington (18)

the atlanta compromise - rejected what Ida B Wells stood for, said that people should submit to segregation if they were able to have thier own economic gains

W.E.B Du Bois (18)

rejected what Booker t. Washington stood for - thought that any type of compromise was a bad course of action

Niagra Movement (18)

called for full equality for black and white people

NAACP (18)

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination - got Supreme Court to declare the grandfather clause unconstitutional

The Grange (18)

farmers’ movement involving the affiliation of local farmers into area “granges” to work for their political and economic advantages - official name was the Patrons of Husbandry - successful in regulating railroads and grain warehouses

Farmer’s Alliances (18)

sponsored social gatherings, active in politics, organized cooperatives, fought gainst the dominance of railroads and manufacturers - huge membership

Omaha Platform (18)

stood for heavy inflation so that farmers could pay off their debts faster - called for free coinage of silver and paper money, national income tax, direct election of senators, regulation of railroads, and other government reforms to help farmers

Mary Lease (18)

advocate of the suffrage movement as well as temperance - best known for her work with the People’s Party (Populists)

Populist (People’s) Party (18)

party that stood for workers’ rights - gained much support from farmers who turned to them to fight political unfairness - progressive platform

“Free silver” (18)

efforts to try to curb inflation made it so you could only pay for land in gold which the farmers didn’t like because it was harder to pay off their debt

William Jennings Bryan (18)

presidential candidate who was a democrat with mostly populist beliefs, made the cross of gold speech and was speculated to win

Cross of Gold Speech (18)

said that they could not “crucify them on a cross of gold” which led populists to support him

William McKinley (18)

other presidential candidate who ended up winning the election of 1896

Election of 1896 (18)

between william jennings bryan and william mckinley - mckinley won

Great Railroad Strike of 1877 (18)

began when the eastern railroads announced a 10% wage cut - strikers disrupted rail service, destroyed equipment, and rioted in the streets of Pittsburgh and other cities

Knights of Labor (18)

second national labor organization, organized in 1869 as a secret society and opened for public membership in 1881 - known for their efforts to organize all workers, regardless of skill level, gender, or race

AFL (Samuel Gompers) (18)

union of skilled laborers formed in 1866 - one of the most powerful unions in the US

Haymarket Square Riot (18)

protest against police violence at haymarket square where someone threw a bomb killing 1 polieceman and 7 others fatally wounded - policemen then fired into the crowd and killed an equal amount of people

Coxey’s Army (18)

protest march by unemployed workers from the US, led by Ohio businessman Jacob Coxey

Homestead Strike (1892) (18)

violent strike at the Homestead Works in Pittsburgh over a lock out following a decision to cut wages by nearly 20% - ended with destruction of Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel workers, probably the largest craft union at the time

Pullman Strike (1894) (18)

a strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts - led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the AFL - federal troops forced an end to the strike

Eugene V. Debs - leader of the socialist movement (18)

labor leader who helped organize the American Railroad Union which went on strike against the Pullman Palace car company in 1894 - strike was put down by armed forces, Debs and other leaders were given 6 months imprisonment

Injunction (18)

court order issued to prevent a company or union from taking action during a labor dispute

Molly Maguires (18)

secret organization of Irish miners that campaigned, at times violently, against poor working conditions in the Pennsylvania mines

IWW (18)

Industrial Workers of the World or Wobblies - radical union that aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor’s interests - worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution and led several major strikes

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire of 1911 (18)

industrial disaster in the history of the city of New York, causing the death of 146 garment workers who either died from the fire or jumped to their deaths

Ludlow Massacre, 1914 (18)

an attack by the Colorado National Guard and Colorado Fuel and Iron Company camp guards on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow, Colorado

Progressivism (19)

support for or advocacy of social reform

Henry George (19)

controversial reformer whose book Progress and Poverty advocated solving problems of economic inequality by a tax on land

Edward Bellamy (19)

journalist from Massachusetts who published Looking Backward - described a new perfect society in which class and class warfare had disappeared in a country of prosperous citizens who enjoyed their lives free of poverty/wealth and lawyers/politics

John Dewey (19)

best remembered for his educational ideas but his goal was a wider philosophical response to industrialism - challenged social darwinism and saw it as an unethical justification for privilege, believed wise people should intervene in the economy to make it more just

Social Darwinism (19)

natural selection, survival of the fittest

Muckrakers (19)

journalists exposing economic, social, and political evils, so named by Theodore Roosevelt for its “raking the muck” from the bottom of American society - duty to expose corruption

Ida B. Wells (19)

investigative journalist who fought against lynching and was born into slavery - insisted that the poor could not afford warm clothing because of the high tariff charged on imported wool - not everyone agreed with this

Lincoln Steffens (19)

wrote “the shame of minneapolis” about the trial of the infamous 4 term mayor of minneapolis who got rich from payments from opium joints, unlicensed saloons known as “blind pigs,” and “disorderly houses” of prostitution

Upton Sinclair/The Jungle (19)

young reporter who took a job in Chicago’s slaughterhouses to report on the meatpacking industry - workers suffered terrible injury, animals inhumane treatement, and unsanitary conditions poisoned meat consumed by Americans - wrote the exposé The Jungle and consumption of meat fell hugely

Pure Food and Drug Act (1907) (19)

regulated food and drug industry

Meat Inspection Act (19)

regulated meat industry

political machines (19)

constituents supported a candidate in return for anticipated favors, which would be repaid when that candidate was elected

Boss Tweed/Tammany Hall (19)

head of the New York political machine, stole approx 45M dollars from the state (1B in today’s money), but got the poor jobs when needed - arrested, convicted of theft, died in jail in 1878

Initiative (19)

citizens introduced a subject for legislation

Referendum (19)

submission of legislation to a direct popular vote for approval or rejection

Recall (19)

removal of an official from office by popular vote

Workers’ Compensation Laws (19)

some passed limits on length of the workday, especially women and children, or banned child labor altogether, and tried to regulate the safety of working conditions for everyone

Keating-Owen Act (1916) (19)

banned the sale of products from any factory, shop, or cannery that employed children under certain ages (varied per profession)

Social Gospel (19)

Christian faith practiced as a call not just to personal conversion but to social reform

Jane Addams/Settlement Houses (19)

founded Hull House which became a model for other settlement houses - provided services to the poor, took the side of the poor in labor and legal disputes, launched a cooperative women’s boardinghouse - solidified her base within poor communities

Temperance/WCTU (19)

abstinence from alcohol - women were empowered from this and WTCU had a powerful national presence

18th Amendment (19)

banned manufacture and sale of liquor

Jacob Riis (19)

journalist and social reformer who publicized the crises in housing, education, and poverty at the height of European immigration to NYC

Teddy Roosevelt (19)

super popular president who was known for his exuberant personality, range of interests and achievements, and his leadership of the Progressive Movement

Sherman Anti-trust Act (19)

authorized the federal government to institute proceedings against trusts in order to dissolve them

Northern Securities (19)

first example of Roosevelt’s use of anti-trust legislation to dismantle a monopoly (holding company controlling the principal railroad lines)

Pendelton Civil Service Reform Act (19)

provided that federal government jobs be awarded on the basis of merit and that government employees be selected through competitive exams

Conservation (19)

authorized the president to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves

Taft (19)

angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff - lost Roosevelt’s support and was defeated for a second term

Progressive Party (19)

third party stemming from the Taft-Roosevelt that supported progressivism and reform - drew support from middle-class farmers and skilled laborers, business community, but affected the whole nation

Election of 1912 (19)

democrats nominated Woodrow Wilson, giving him a strong progressive platform called the “new freedom” program

Wilson (19)

democratic representative in the presidential elections of 1912 and 1916, elected into the presidency as a minority president

New Freedom (19)

platform of reforms advocated by Woodrow Wilson in his first presidential campaign, including stronger anti-trust legislation to protect small business enterprises from monopolies, banking reform, and tariff reductions

16th Amendment (19)

allowed for federal income taxes

Federal Reserve (19)

created to provide the nation with a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary and financial system - remains the core of the nation’s banking system today

FTC - Federal Trade Commission (19)

government agency established in 1914 to provide regulatory oversight of business activity

“Birth of a Nation” (19)

glorification of the KKK, wilson too indifferent to black rights which undermined his reputation among African Americans

NAWSA - National American Woman Suffrage Association (19)

led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony - founded in 1890

19th Amendment (19)

extended suffrage to women

Equal Rights Amendment (19)

proposed to secure full equality for women, seeking to end the legal distinctions between men and women in terms of divorce, property, employment, and other matters

Eugenics (19)

scientifically erroneous and immoral theory of “racial improvement” and “planned breeding” which gained popularity in the early 20th century

17th Amendment (19)

direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures

Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (20)

book that showcased how the most powerful nations had powerful navies which prompted the US to get a powerful Navy and claim territories overseas

Imperialism (20)

one country having control over another (producer + consumer relationship) but usually the consumers were the more successful one and harmed the producers’ quality of life

Seward’s Folly (20)

purchase of Alaska in 1867 - called “folly” because Alaska was regarded as worthless

Queen Liliuokalani (20)

last reigning queen of Hawaii - insisted that native Hawaiians should control the Islands while American planters renewed their efforts to secure the annexation of Hawaii to the US

Cleveland (20)

anti-imperialist, opposed annexation as an infringement upon a sovereign nature and tried to restore the queen

Anti-imperialists (20)

opposed expansion, believing that imperialism violated fundamental rights

The “Splended Little War” (20)

refers to Spanish American war in 1898 - first conflict fought overseas by the US and main causes of the war were America’s support the ongoing struggle by Cubans and Filipinos against Spanish rule, and the mysterious explosion of the battleship USS Maine in Havana Harbor

Yellow Journalism (Pulitzer/Hearst) (20)

label given to a brand of newspaper reporting in the mid to late 1890s that embraced dramatic headlines and exaggerated storylines about crime, corruption, sex, and scandal in order to increase circulation numbers and revenue - published sensationalized accounts of Spanish atrocities in Cuba, sent people to report Spanish actions

Cuba, Puerto, Philippines (20)

Cubans wanted to throw off Spanish rule and win independence - over 200 American sailors killed when battleship USS Maine blew up in Havana Harbor, others were ceded at the same time - Filipinos did not want to be annexed by the US

Treaty of Paris (20)

Spain ceded control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the US for a payment of 20M

Teller Amendment (20)

declared that when the US had overthrown Spanish Rule of Cuba, it would give Cubans their freedom

McKinley (20)

did everything to maximize US involvement in Cuba despite the amendment - had a goal to Christianize, uplift, and civilize Cubans

Emelio Aguinaldo & the “Philippine Insurrection” (20)

first president of the philippines, led Philippine forces against spain with the latter part of the philippine revolution, and then the spanish-american war, and finally against the US during the philippine-American war

“The Constitution Follows the Flag” (20)

said that rights of the US citizens should be extended to any people living in a territory conquered by the US

The Insular Cases (20)

declared Philippines and Puerto Rico territories - said they were subjects, not citizens

Teddy Roosevelt (20)

wanted a canal through Panama - consistently involved thre US in central America

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (20)

US had the right to intervene in any nation in the Americas that could not manage its own affairs

The Panama Canal (20)

proposed to the US after Panama declared independence

Treaty of Portsmouth (Teddy wins Nobel Peace Prize for) (20)

Roosevelt got representatives from Russia and Japan to meet in Portsmouth where they argued about borders, money, and a postwar plan - led to peace agreement and he got a nobel prize

Gentlemen’s Agreement (20)

US agreed not to pass any formal limit on Japanese immigration and Japanese government agreed to limit emigration of laborers to the US

Great White Fleet (20)

16 battleships painted white around the world with a dramatic stop at Tokyo Bay

Boxer Rebellion (20)

uprising in China directed against foreign influence - paved the way for the revolution of 1911, which lead to the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912

Taft (20)

less lofty goals for America’s role in the world, wary of political ties

Dollar Diplomacy (20)

encouragement of American investment wherever there was an opportunity