micro 201 - exam 4

what does MRSA stand for

methicillin-resistant s. aureus

what system is highly associated with MRSA

health care (hospitals, nursing homes)

what antibiotic can usually be used to fight MRSA

vancomysin

necrotizing fasciitis aka skin eating bacteria pathogen

s.aures/s.pyogenes

what rapidly progressing disease can caused by s.aureus/s.pyrogenes can cause toxic shock and often leads to amputation of limbs and even death

necrotizing fasciitis aka skin eating bacteria

chicken pox pathogen

varicella-zoster virus

what viral disease is a reactivated version of chicken pox

shingles

the bacteria b. burgdorferi causes which disease

lyme disease

hosts infected by lyme disease

humans, dogs, cats

lyme disease reservoir

white-footed mouse

lyme disease vector

tick

4 things needed for eradication of a disease

no subclinical infections, virus is eliminated from body upon recovery, is not zoonotic, effective vaccine is available

global eradication of smallpox was possible because…

an effective vaccine was made available

T/F: there are lysosomes in sweat, tears, and saliva

true

what lives on nutrients from the skin and produces antimicrobial substances

staph. epidermis

T/F: the black-legged tick is a vector for lyme disease

true

cellulitis causes damage to the..

dermal and subcutaneous skin layers

which disease was the first vaccine developed for

smallpox

what diseases are caused by the varicella-zoster virus

chickenpox and shingles

what disease contains the enzyme hyaluronidase that digests the connective tissue?

scalded skin syndrome

T/F: impetigo involves the peeling of the “dermis” layer of skin

false, the epidermis

T/F: once you get smallpox you will be immune for life

true

what skin disease goes deeper into the dermal and subcutaneous skin layers and is usually more problematic in those with diabetes?

cellulitis

T/F: the reservoir for chicken pox is chickens

false

who created the first smallpox vaccine in 1796

edward jenner

T/F: chickenpox was the first major disease to be eradicated

false, smallpox

T/F: the stomach has a high pH

false, it is high and acidic

what is an exotoxin

a toxin secreted by bacteria, usually proteins

what do exotoxins do

cause damage to host by destroying cells or disrupting normal metabolism

what is an enterotoxin

exotoxins secreted by a microorganism that specifically target the intestines

what do enterotoxins do

cause diarrhea and vomiting

what is an endotoxin

toxic substance bound to bacterial cell wall

how are endotoxins released

when bacterium ruptures or disintegrates

what are endotoxins made of

lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins

stomach ulcer pathogen

helicobacter pylori

cholera pathogen

vibrio cholerae

cholera symptoms

extreme dehydration, diarrhea, vomiting, leg cramps

cholera treatment

rehydration therapy, salt solution, IV fluids, antibiotics

what gastrointestinal disease had a huge outbreak in 1993 in Washington from undercooked hamburgers causing severe, bloody diarrhea and in severe cases kidney failure

enterohemorrhagic e.coli

is salmonella zoonotic

yes, most reptiles house it as a normal part of their microflora

what pathogen is the most common cause of diarrhea in the u.s

campylobacter jejuni

GI diseases primarily affect which organs

the stomach and intestines

what disease outbreak did john snow discover and help stop?

cholera

robin warren and barry marshall won the 2005 nobel prize for the discovery and research on which disease

bacterial-caused gastric ulcers

how does cholera cause such extreme dehydration and diarrhea

production of enterotoxins

T/F: cholera is life threatening due to the severe stomach bleeding it causes

false, because of the extreme dehydration it causes

T/F: exotoxins are a host inflammatory response to gram- bacterial infection

false, exotoxins are produced by bacterium

T/F: e.coli is a normal part of the intestinal flora

true

from where are you most likely to contract cholera?

contaminated water

what pathogen is the most common cause of food poisoning outbreaks on cruise ships

norwalk virus

where is lactoferrin most active

in saliva

which line of defense in the stomach acid part of

first

T/F: stress can directly cause gastric ulcers

true, as can diet

what infectious agent can be treated with a fecal transplant

c.difficile

what two GI diseases are viral

rotavirus and norwalk virus

what GI disease is responsible for the death of millions of children in poor countries every year

rotavirus

T/F: symptoms of influenza include cough, weakness, fatigue, muscle aches, etc.

true

what is the causative agent of Covid-19

coronavirus

what is the purpose of the cilia

line trachea and bronchi and propel material up and out

what are the four types on influenza

seasonal, spanish, pandemic, bird

what made the spanish flu of 1918 so lethal especially to young, healthy people.

cytokine storm causes the immune system to overreact

T/F: hemagglutinin (HA) allows for binding and bringing the influenza virus into host cell

true, it acts as the “key”

T/F: a traditional flu vaccine is quadrivalent meaning it protects against multiple flu strains

true

T/F: you get the flu virus from the flu vaccine

false, the viruses used in the vaccine are inactivated version of the virus

T/F: covid-19 vaccines are made to recreate the spike proteins

true

T/F: influenza is transmitted through aerosols

true

who were the high-risk groups for the H1N1 pandemic flu?

pregnant women, young children, diabetes, asthma, heart disease, etc.

T/F: covid binds to the ACE-2 receptors on cells in your lungs

true

why did the 1918 flu produce a w-shaped curve

because of a cytokine storm that caused an overreaction of young adult’s immune systems

T/F: pigs can act as mixing vessels for multiple strains of flu virus

true

genetic shift

two different flu viruses infect the same host and swap genome segments

genetic drift

viral mutation cause changes in the surface glycoproteins

why do we need a new flu vaccine every year

genetic drift

which type of influenza is found primarily in cattle?

influenza d

T/F: mRNA vaccines integrate into your genome

true

what respiratory disease can be caused by both bacteria and viruses

pnemonia

is tuberculosis caused by a bacteria or virus

bacteria

T/F: common colds are mainly caused by viruses

true, rhinoviruses

T/F: most e.coli are harmless members of the normal intestinal microflora

true

what is a very effective way of spreading cold viruses

airborne particles

characteristics of rhinoviruses

small particles, single-stranded RNA genome, over 100 different strains known

T/F: picornaviruses contain RNA

true

T/F: whooping cough is mostly caused by viruses

false, bacteria

what is the seasonal vaccine for flu that protects against 4 viruses?

quadrivalent

which respiratory disease causes the lungs to fill with fluid

pneumonia

functions of the mucociliary escalator

swallowing, coughing, sneezing to move microbes out

what is are common bacterial respiratory diseases?

pneumonia, tuberculosis, whooping cough

T/F: whooping cough is most common in adults

false, children

T/F: mycobacteria uses its thick layer of mycolic acid to survive in macrophages

true

which respiratory disease can be caused by both bacteria and viruses

pneumonia

which respiratory disease has the lowest infectious dose

tuberculosis

which respiratory disease can be reactivated in a latent infection

tuberculosis

what makes TB so difficult to treat

antibiotic resistance, latent infection can reactivate

T/F: rhinoviruses can’t live on surfaces for very long

false, can survive up to 4 days on surfaces

what is an example of a bacterial STD

gonorrhea, chlamydia

example of a viral STD

herpes, HPV, HIV/AIDS, zikawh

how many new cases of STDs are reported in the US each year?

19 million

is gonorrhea bacterial or viral?

bacterial

this disease is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection and is the #1 cause of infertility worldwide

chlamydia

what type of virus affects the neural tissue of a fetus in the womb

herpes