ap gov review

basically just things from the WHOLE CLASS that idk

bureaucracy

non elected officials or an administrative policy making group; state officials over federally elected reps

how do interest groups help congress in the iron triangle

electoral support

how does Congress affect bureaucracy in the iron triangle

funding and political support

how do bureaucracies affect interest groups in the iron triangle

low regulation, special favors

how does congress affect interest groups in the iron triangle

friendly legislation and oversight

how do interest groups affect bureaucracy in the iron triangle

congressional support via lobby

how do bureaucracies affect congress in the iron triangle

policy choices and execution

how do amendments happen

house and senate can approve it, supreme court has to approve it and decide it’s constitutional

house of representatives

closer to people, more representative (bigger size), starts revenue bills, initiates impeachment

senate

must approve revenue bills/vote for different version, approves presidential appointments and treaties, have more extensive debates over legislature

house and senate together

collect taxes, borrow money, make immigration/bankruptcy/punishment and counterfeit laws, declare war

appellate jurisdiction

most cases in the supreme court are brought on appeal from state and federal courts, power to reverse/ modify lower courts’ decision

federalist 51

reasons for three branches, checks and balances why every branch needs to have different appointment methods

24th amendment

voting taxes are illegal, prohibits poll taxes

due process clause

someone’s rights are protected through procedural processes

4th amendment

protection of citizens against illegal search and seizure of private property

conservative

less government, lower taxes, strong national defense, more personal responsibility, resist change, opposed increased spending unless it’s for defense, oppose govt. legislating social programs, critical of labor unions, favor rich and big businesses, want to reduce deficit

liberal

protection of civil liberties, greater government intervention for social welfare, higher taxes on the rich, foreign policy that promotes peace, accept change, support increased spending, favor social programs, support labor unions

libertarian

government shouldn’t interfere with one’s life, reduced government regulation, 2nd amendment rights, primary reason for the government is to increase civil liberties, against intervention in foreign affairs, less government-opposed laws dealing with social issues

limited government

restricts governmental power, especially when protecting rights of the people

tracking poll

tracks rise/fall of support of politicians over time; asks the same question over and over

benchmark poll

gauges support of candidates thinking about running; do they have a good chance if they campaign?

exit/entrance poll

DAY of election, predicts election outcome, gains insight on voter behavior

sampling error

polling error coming from only asking a sample, not a whole population

advise and consent

appropriate committees in senate hold hearings, senate must approve presidential appointments; presidential appointments must be approved by a senate committee before the whole senate can vote

cabinet

A group of advisors to the head of government, responsible for advising on policy decisions and managing specific areas of government

state of union address

president needs to give an annual report to Congress about the state of the union, usually in January before a congress session

war powers act

president can only commit military after declaration of war by congress

borked

a supreme court justice appointment doesn’t get approved because of ideological reasons

gibbons vs ogden

only congress can regulate anything affecting interstate commerce

speaker of the house

elected by peers to set the agendea, declares outcome of votes, names members to committees, 3rd (after VP) to secure the president

majority leader

person selected to lead the party with the majority of seats in the House/Congress

minority leader

person selected to lead the political party with the minority of seats in the House/Congress

hold

senator who wants to slow down nomination process can tell majority leader they’re doing on said nominees until question gets answered

filibuster

used in Senate; a vote on legislature can be delayed through debate

cloture

60 senators can vote to cut a filibuster short

reapportionment

state legislature redraws congressional districts based on increases/decreases in population size

gerrymandering

state legislatures redraw congressional districts based on political affiliation, favors one party over another

presiding officer of the Senate

VP, breaks ties

what are the four main committees in the committee system

standing, select, joint, conference

standing committee

proposed bills, banking, foreign affairs, energy

select committee

specially created and conduct special investigations

joint committee

coordinate investigations/special studies

conference committee

make legislative differences between House and Senate

what does legislation in the House require?

approval from the Rules Committee

party system

organizes and influences members of congress about policy making decisions

keynesian economics

encourages economic involvement, government should manage the economy and give more people jobs, giving people $$$ to spend will fix the economy

supply side economics

give money to the top, they’ll spend it, it will trickle down

15th amendment

black men can vote

17th amendment

people directly vote for senators

19th amendment

women can vote

26th amendment

people 18+ can vote

rational choice

a more personal outlook on elections; what’s in it for the voter --- not how will this affect taxes in general, how will this affect MY income?

how have political parties evolved

adapted to be more candidate-centered,d parties are modified to appeal to various demographics, images are used to convey messages over time

horse race coverage

media tends to cover politics as if it were a horse race -- immediate updates; focusing on who’s winning/who’s losing as opposed to focusing on which values are better

interest groups

offer services to those involved, lobbyists inform government, endorse candidates for elections, have political action committees to give out money

public interest groups

ways community participates in government, good for everyone (girl scouts)

economic/occupational interest groups

more business minded/economic

ideological interest groups

groups with more political ideas and influence, more controversial because they’re pushing certain ideas

single-issue interest groups

most controversial because they only push one idea

electoral college

when Americans vote, they vote for who their state will vote for

how many electors does each state get?

the amount of representatives they have + 2

how often does redistricting happen

every 10 years

what is gerrymandering determined by

the census

federal reserve

federal body that regulates money by controlling open market operations, legal limitations on money

fiscal policy

policy that determines how the economy is managed as a result of government spending and the amount collected from taxes

free enterprise

government allows open markets and competition with little interference, ability of individual people and businesses to make money without the government interfering

monetary policy

policies developed by federal reserve board; raising or lowering interest rates, aimed at creating and maintaining a healthy economy

what are some liberal aspects of libertarianism?

opposed to school prayer, more sympathetic to rights of the accused

what are some conservative aspects of libertarianism?

they want to leave the government alone

labor unions

Organizations formed by workers to protect their rights and interests in the workplace, including better wages, benefits, and working conditions; negotiate with employers and advocate for their members through collective bargaining, strikes, and other actions.

coalition building

alliance of special interest groups who want to achieve the same goal using direct and grassroots lobbying

grassroots lobbying

attempts to influence legislation by attempting to affect public opinion with respect to legislation

direct lobbying

an attempt to influence legislation by communicating with a member of the legislative body

hard money

federal regulation campaign contributions made to political candidates and political parties, can’t go past $2000 per individual per election cycle

lobbyist

primary instruments for fostering a special interest group’s goals to policy makers

PAC

raise money from special interest constituents and make contributions to political campaigns on their behalf

soft money

unrestricted and unregulated legal campaign contributions made to political parties and intended for party developmentt

third party candidates

ideological + single issue oriented

lobbyists

represent special interest groups, give information and advocate their groups’ position, don’t give money

10th amendment

states determine their voting procedures

pluralist

competition keeps any single group from dominating; parties/interest groups, no group is totally happy

elite

limited role of people, reason for representatives and electoral college

judiciary committee

considers legislation resolutions, messages, petitions, memorials, and more as provided for the standing rules of senate

rule of four

a petition only gets reviewed if 4/9 supreme court justices vote to do so

senate confirmation

senate must confirm presidential nominations

what are the five criteria by which the supreme court decides to hear a case

1. court has made decisions conflicting with the precedent
2. if court has come up with a new question
3. if one court of appeals made a decision that conflicts with another
4. inconsistencies with courts of different states
5. split decision in court of appeals

politico

a politician/someone with strong political views

politico model

representatives are most political, utilizing trustee and delegate models to make decisions

delegated powers

powers listed in the constitution that belong to the federal government

delegate model

voters elect representatives as their own delegates representing them for the primary purpose of acting as their voice in congress

trustee

someone who manages money or assets and puts them aside in a trust

trustee model

voters elect representatives as their own trustees, giving them trust to act for the good of the constituents, enabling congresspeople to act on their conscience even if most voters might disagree

progressive party

tries to get money out of politics, eliminate political corruption, protect and expand access to the ballot box

socialist party

oppose all forms of oppression, radial democracy without racism, homophobia, sexism, transphobia, etc

bureaucracy

millions of people employed to carry out responsibilities of the federal government

majoritarian

the numerical majority of a population should have the final say; majority of population is entitled to some sort of primacy in society and has the right to make decisions that affect the societyst

standing house committees

consider bills/issues and recommend measures for consideration by the House

full faith and credit clause

US has a legal responsibility to fulfill credit responsibilities, states have to legally recognize laws of other states

presidential executive privilege

president’s private conversations remain confidential and president doesn’t need to give his conversations to Congress, courts, or the public