LATAM Mid Term

Monarchies used race to

organize people

Race was:

where you were born, how you dressed, who you married, your occupation and religion

Subalterns could

change their position in society and become someone else

subalterns were a

group outside of the dominant power structure

an elite was

a person with power

elites two most important power sources

economic and political

empire

large scale community falling under economical and political framework

benefits of empires:

resources, power, reputation on world scale

people within the colony usually served the interests of

the empire, not their own interests

subjects

people who live in the empire and are loyal to the king

nation state

small organized government under a larger government

citizens have a stake in the nation state

true (nationalism)

A nation state functions under the presumption that the people in the nation state

want that nation state to exist

La reconquista aka

the conquest

the conquest was from

711-1492

muslims came and set up on the penninsula in

711

muslims inhabited spain for

8 centuries

the christians fought in

galicia

christians fought

muslims and jews

Iberian kings gave named lands to

those who fought against the muslims

christians used

gorilla warfare

in 1469

the most important event of the conquest: the union of two kingdoms

Isabella of Castile married

Ferdinand of Aragon and they became the catholic monarchs

Isabella and Ferdinand ruled over

their kingdoms separate, they kept their jurisdiction separate

Granda

last muslim stronghold on the penninsula

muslims lost granada in

1492

granada was surrendered by

king boabdil to isabella and ferdinand

spanish inquisition was to

root out religious heresy

the inquisition became the

third arm of the state

the inquisitors would

travel state to stir and root people out

those who DID convert were known as

conversos

conversos werw

always mistrusted and persecuted

if you did not become catholic

you were tortured and killed

rome issued a document in 1486 allowing

the crown to administer the catholic faith

iberian economy was dominated by

agricultural and pastoral activities

the most important commodity in ibera

sheep

spanish society had a hierarchy

crown, military, church, nobility, merchants, commoners, peasants, slaves

if you were a noble, you married a

noble

ranking became a problem in the americas due to

miscegenation

miscegenation

mixing of races

Spanish society allowed children to inherit

equally regardless of their sex

published the first spanish dictionary in 1492

antonio de nebrija

Columbus government

1492-1499

casiqua

local indigenous chiefs

encuenda

grant of people given to explorers for work purposes

niclas de ovando’s government was from

1501-1509

ovando created

spanish institutions - municipal council

ovando founded

mines

bartolome de las casa was a

conquistador and activist for indigenous rights

las casas wrote

"an account much abbreviated of a destruction of the indies”

black legend was created in

1519

black legend was

antispanish and anticatholic propaganda

what banned indian slavery

new laws of 1542

first shipment of african slaves was

1441

queen isabel: if they don’t convert to catholicism,

they can be enslaved

aztecs originated from

aztlan

aztecs built their capital in

lake texcoco

the sign they saw to build their capital

an eagle with a serpent in its mouth

aztec capital was known as

technochtitlan

to be elite in technochtitlan

education was key

technochititlan allied with

texcoco and tlacopan

aztec house for youth

telpochcalli

aztec house for priests

calmecac

basic unit of society in aztec culture

clans

clans

calpulli

pochtea

very powerful calpulli

when did cortes leave

1518

flower wars

when aztecs would have their young warriors capture and sacrifice slaves from tlaxcala

pizzaro founded the

andes

spanish used macanas

wooden clubs edged with obsidian blades

cortes beat the tlaxcalans and then they

allied with him to defeat the aztecs

Francisco Pizzaro’s contract made him

governor of peru

Pizarro left in

1530

transculturation

borrowing between different ethnicities

confraternities

religious brotherhoods

only people of entirely european descent

could be priests

zacatecas

mexico, 1546

guanajuato

mexico, 1550

potosi

peru, 1545

huancavelica

peru, 1563

huancavelicas was a

mercury mine

two stages of spanish american trade

caribbean and mexico/peru

carribean trading phase

1492-1520

mexico/peru trading phase

1540-1750

carribean trading phase focused on

foodstuff, sugar

mexico/peru trading phase focused on

precious metals

was the main revenue going back to spain

mining

new laws of the indies

prohibited indian slavery

new laws of the indies authorized

a viceroy and audencia

new laws of the indies reverted

all encomiendas to the crown

audencia

judicial district

audencia judges

were for life

gold used

placer mining

smelting

requires a lot of fuel

gold needed

little capital

silver needed

large amounts of capital

5 types of indian labor

encomienda, repartimiento, wage labor, yanaconjae, slavery

encomienda was a

grant of indigenous labor

if the owner of the encomienda died

the son inherited it

repartimiento was a

forced labor draft