BIO 115 EXAM 1

Sequence Abiogenesis

1. abiotic synthesis of monomers

2. polymers/macromolecules

3. protocells

4. self-replication

4 requirements of a biogenesis

1. Little or no free oxygen

2. energy source

3. chemical building blocks

4. time

Sequence evolutionary events

Sequence endosymbiosis

Protcells properties

Self-Replication

Steps of formation of macromolecules

RNA

Sequence polarization

Properties of carbon molecules

Identify functional groups

Sequence scientific method

sequence levels of biology organization

compare atomic structure

compare ionic and covelant bonds

identify types of cells

common features of all cells

reason for cell size

nucleus function

sequence intracellular transport pathway and protein path through cell

sequence bulk transport

neuron plasticity

sensory memory

Short term memory

Long term memory

Encoding

Sequence learning process

Sequence memory formation

fluid mosaic model

Membrane components can move laterally within one layer of the membrane. Dependent on temperature, length of tails, bend in tails, amount of cholesterol.

hydrophilic

hydrophobic

van der waals forces

Develop because electron is in constant motion. Intermolecular (between molecules), can result bc of attraction between molecules (lizard sticking to a wall)

hydrogen bonds

Since water is polar, 1 molecule of water form bond with other molecules. Stick polar covenant molecules together, strong dipole dipole reaction, attraction between water molecules

polar bonds

Type of covenant bond. Less than 2 different electronegativity, electron shared unequally creating sides

non polar bonds

Same electronegativity, shame=re electron equally meaning no sides

atomic structure

hydrolysis

add a water and break bond (enzyme used is hydrolyses)

dehydration synthesis

removes water and joins (enzyme used are dehyrogenases)

glycosidic linkage

covenant bond between monosaccharides

disaccharides

2 monomer come together (still need dehydration synthesis to snap together)

polysaccharides

more than 2 monomers in a chain (sugar polymers)

synapse

junction where neuron sends chemical signal to another cell

amphipathic

glycerol+2 fatty acid=hydrophobic

Peptide Bonds

between amino acids (monomers), dehydration synthesis reaction

Tertiary Structure

Within single polypeptide. R-groups interacts, folds into 3d structure

denaturation

loss of proteins 3rd or 4th structure

organic polymers

exhibit attributes of living cells: 1. osmosis 2. homeostasis 3. divide (cannot pass on genes)

serial endosymbiosis

endosymbiosis that happens more than once

eukarya-

arise from archaea and bacteria

aerobic bacteria-

uses o2 for cell respiration. the domain of archaea later

cell theory

1. all life is made of cells 2. all cells have 4 common features 3. all cells have a common evolutionary ancestor

mitosis

nucleoid

found

chromatin

DNA+Proteins

surface tension

How hard it is to break the surface of a liquid

adhesion

Water molecules stick to other polar things

cohesion

Water molecules stick to each other

electronegativity

Tendency of an atom to attract an electron

endoplasmic reticulum

Continuous with nuclear envelope and has smooth and rough portions

Golgi apparatus

Modifies ER products, sorts and packages, manufactures some macromolecules, ships products using transport vesicles. (Receiving and shipping sides)

Ribosomes

Synthesize primary polypeptides. All cells have.

Endomembrane system

Phospholipid belayers, closed compartments, continuous, regulates protein folding/movement and metabolic function

Plasma Membrane

All cells have, encloses cell contents, permeable

Nuclear Envelope

Encloses DNA, instructions for a protein (mRNA) to leave through nuclear pores.

Smooth ER

No ribosomes, not processing. Synthesizes lipids, metabolizes polysaccharides (breaks down glycogen), detoxifies drugs/poisons, stores calcium ions

Rough ER

Surface has ribosomes. Proteins folded and modified, secrete glycoproteins (Protein bounded carbs), distributes transport vesicle, cell membrane factory

Endosymbiont theory

Eukarya arise from archea

Ionic bonds

Greater than 2 electronegativity, intramolecular, one atom steals electron from the other, bond formed by attraction between anion (neg) and cation (pos), bonds dissociate in water

4 things all cells must have

Membranes, own dna, undergo binar fission, own ribosomes

Membrane protein functions

Transport, enzymes, signal transduction

Sequence synthesis of macromolecules

Polymers form, monomer polymerize, ion bond monomers

How do photocells form

Lipids form vesicles creating organic polymers

Passive transport

Don’t use metabolic E (ATP) and move with gradient. Spontaneous, results in dynamic equilibrium. Includes simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Small gasses, smaller non polar molecules, and small polar uncharged molecules use.

Active transport

Does use metabolic E (ATP) and moves against the gradient. Transports large polar molecules. Facilitated by proteins (carriers or pumps) or bulk transport.

Diffusion

Tendency for molecules of a substance to fill and available space

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane. Water diffuses from higher to lower

Solvent

Substance capable of dissolving other substances

Solute

A dissolved substance

Osmosis tonicity

Ability of a solution to cause a cell to lose/gain water

Isotonic solution

Solute inside the cell = to solute inside the cell

Hypertonic solution

Solute (outside cell)> solute (inside cell)

Hypotonic solute

Solute (outside cell)< solute (inside cell)

Sequence facilitated diffusion

Larger molecules/ions transport proteins ——— integral proteins channel proteins —- ion channel —- carrier protein —-specific to transport

Pumps/carriers

Integral membrane protein that changes shape.

Formation of vesicles

Active and always requires ATP. Does not pass through plasma membrane

Bulk transport

Large number of molecules transported at once, no carrier mediated.

Exocytosis

Waste proteins and secretory products taken out. Vesicles fuses with plasma membrane which releases contents. Vesicles fusing with membrane is growth of plasma membrane

Endocytosis

Materials taken into the cell by forming vesicles derived from plasma membrane

Phagocytosis

Type of endocytosis. Cellular eating. Cell engulfs large particle, non specific

Pinocytosis

Cellular drinking. Ingestion of fluid and dissolved material, non specific

Receptor mediated

Specific, receptor proteins in plasma membrane bind specific macromolecules outside of the cell leading to the formation of coated pits leading to it folding inward creating vesicles. This is the main mechanism for the uptake of macromolecules.

ATP

Cells use ATP to carry energy. It is a spring loaded bond. Take ATP and take off a phosphate, still have 2, the other is now an inorganic phosphate and the phosphate coming off is energy. To make ATP add a phosphate

Coupled reactions

Pair emergencies reaction (provides E) with an endergonic reaction (requires E)

Phosphorylation

How ATP drives endergonic reactions. Phosphate group transferred to molecule which now has a new shape and thus a new function

Activation E

Initial energy needed to start a reaction

Enzymes

They speed up reactions by lowering energy barriers

Substrate

Reactant that an enzyme acts upon. Change of shape facilities breaking of bond.

Active site

Cleft or groove for substrate

Factor affecting enzyme activity

Temperature and pH. Enzyme has an optimal temperature

Denaturation

High temp= short exposure leading to denature enzyme. Low temp=enzymatic reaction leads to it slowing or having no impact.