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DRAFTING
-The systematic representation and dimensional specification of mechanical and architectural structures
Freehand Drawing
Is the ability to draw something without depending on instruments or something else to draw.
Artists' drawings
drawings made without
the use of drawing instruments or
straightedges.
2. Technical sketches
Generally, an object is
shown in three orthographic views -- top, front, and
side views.
Blocking In The Objects
This first technique helps you understand the rough outline of your objects. To get it right you have to look at your subject in front of you and you have to see it without negative space in between.
Warm-Up Exercises
A very good way to get started before even seriously beginning the actual drawing of your subject is to do some beginner exercises to warm up.
Vertical line -
are sketched from the top downward.
Horizontal line
– are drawn from left to right
Inclined –
are also sketched from left
to right.
Short line –
are drawn with finger
movement
Long line –
are made with arm movement
Gap –
drawn in segments with very small
spaces
Perpendicular lines
line that makes 90 degrees with eachother
Parallel lines
lines that never meet
curved lines/ regular
with definite direction like arc, ellipse and circle
curved line/ irregular
no definite direction
radii method
a method of using 8 lines as guide to create a regular curve
parallelogram method
a method of using 4 lines as guide to create a regular circle
h b hb f pencil
H= HARDNESS
B=BLACKNESS
HB=HARDNESS AND BLACKNESS
F=FINENESS
Conical Point
make different thickness of
lines varying the pressure of the pencil against the surface.
Chisel Point
Make wide lines
depending on the width of the point.
Elliptical Point
The round point is when the pencil has been worn down. The
rounded point will be helpful for shading larger sections.
outline drawing or sketch
restricted to line without shading
or modeling of form.
accented.
If outlines, as these lines are often called, have varied thicknesses,
Shading
is the process of
making visible surfaces on an
object, drawn in an outline
form, appear in a variety of
tones and values.
Shadow
shadow is an image cast by an object on
another surface.
Geometrical figures
Include points, lines, and angles; planes (circle,
ellipse, rectangle, square, regular polygon. triangle, etc.) and solids
(cone, pyramid, cube, prism, sphere, cylinder, etc.).
concentric circles.
Two or more circles with a
common center
eccentric circles.
Those without
a common center are called
ellipse
plane figure bounded by a curved line but
without a common center.
REGULAR POLYGONS
A regular polygon is a plane figure with five or more
sides. All the sides and angles are
equal.
INTERIOR ANGLE EQUATION
DESIGNING
is the process of planning and creating a
structure or an ornament that will serve its purpose or
function.
Structural design
is the proper choice of
materials and methods of
construction in such a
way as to produce an
object or structure that
will function effectively,
thereby satisfying the
purpose it is designed for.
APPENDAGES
are protruding parts of the
main structural design.
These parts should
harmonize in shape with
the whole structure.
Materials
Determine the texture or character of the surface of an object or structure. The characteristic and strength of
these materials are therefore considered in designing a structure.
Determine the texture or character of the surface of an object or structure. The characteristic and strength of
these materials are therefore considered in designing a structure.
includes the proper selection and use of tools and equipment needed.
Finish
is the finishing touches applied to the structure, and it determines the value
and color of the structure's surfaces.
Function
means the usefulness, practicability, or utility of a structure.
Decorative
Design
is the surface
enrichment or
decoration of a
structural design.
LINE
It may be
represented by a stroke of the pencil or ballpen.
VERTICAL LINES
MAY SUGGEST STRENGTH,
DIGNITY, OR UPRIGHTNESS.
2. HORIZONTAL LINES
MAY SUGGEST QUIETNESS
AND BALANCE.
3. INCLINED LINES
MAY SUGGEST INSTABILITY,
SUPPORT, OR ACTION.
4. REGULAR CURVED
SUGGEST MONOTONY AND
UNIFORMITY.
IRREGULAR CURVED
LINES
SUGGEST FEMININITY,
GRACE, OR VARIETY.
6. HEAVY LINES
SUGGEST BOLDNESS OR
NEARNESS.
7. LIGHT LINES
SUGGEST DISTANCE,
FINENESS, DELICATENESS.
8. BROKEN LINES
SUGGEST DISORDER OR
POWER, AS IN THE SYMBOL OF
LIGHTNING.
SUGGEST DISORDER OR
POWER, AS IN THE SYMBOL OF
LIGHTNING.
FORM
A line joined end-to-end produces a form. determines the structural shape of an object.
VALUE
This term, sometimes called shade, tone, notan, or dark- and-light, is the lightness or darkness of a color or of an object.
BLACK
the absence of light
WHITE
the presence of light
TEXTURE
refers to the kind or quality of a surface. The
surface may be fine or rough, hot or cold, hard or
soft, rugged or smooth, shiny or dull, and so on.
COLOR
the
quality of light.
Intermediate Color
Equal mixture of a primary
and secondary color
neutrals
White, gray, and black are not
considered as colors. They are known as
.
Hue
is the name of color.
• Value
is the darkness or lightness of a
color.
•Intensity
is the brightness or dullness of
color.
DECORATIVE DESIGN
Its function is to decorate a
structure with a desired
ornamentation.
Naturalistic Design
resembles
an actual or real object in shape
and in color.
Conventional Design •
A conventional design has some
resemblance to the real object, but
some details are omitted from it.
Geometrical Design
has a slight
resemblance to the real object but
consists of geometric shapes.
Abstract Design
is not recognizable
as representing any known object.
BALANCE
synonymous to symmetry, equilibrium, and equal weights.
Informal
The larger shapes are located near the center lines - vertical or horizontal - while the smaller shapes are
farther away from those lines. This type of balance is also called asymmetrical, occult, free balance.
Formal
Formal balance is either obvious or bisymmetrical.
HARMONY
Is synonymous with unity and order
Rhythm
- Is synonymous with repetition or
related movement
Border Pattern
- Repetition in one direction
