OB

What is a group?

Two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent who have come together to achieve certain objectives

What is a formal group?

A designated work group defined by and organization's structure

What is an informal group?

A group that is not defined by an organisation's structure; such a group appears in response to other needs, such as social clubs or interest groups

What is social identity theory?

A perspective that considers when and why invidious consider themselves members of groups

What is ingroup?

The members of a group we belong to. We tend to play favourites with our ingroup

What is outgroup?

The inverse of an ingroup; an outgrip can mean anyone outside the group, but more usually it is an identified other group. We tend to see anyone outside of our group as "all the same" and can derogate them or treat them as if they have little worth

What is the punctuated equilibrium model?

A set of phases that temporary groups go through that involves transitions between inertia and activity

What are the 6 phases of group development?

1. Meet and set direction, 2. Inertia- slow progress, 3. Transition when half of group time has elapsed, 4. Phase 3 initiates major change, 5. Second phase of inertia, 6. Last meeting- accelerated activity

What is is a group role?

A function assumed by someone occupying a given position in a group

What is role perception?

An individual's view of how they are supposed to act in a given situation

What is role expectation?

How others believe a person should act in a given situation

What is a psychological contact?

An unwritten agreement between employees and employers that establishes mutual expectations

What is role conflict?

A situation in which an individual is confronted by divergent role expectations

What is interrole conflict?

A situation in which the expectations of an individual's different, separate groups are in opposition

What are norms?

Acceptable standards of behaviour within a group that are shared by the group's members

What is conformity?

The adjustment of one's behaviour to align with the norms of the group

What are reference groups?

Important groups to which individuals belong or hope to belong and with whose norms individuals are likely to conform

What is deviant workplace behaviour?

Voluntary behaviour that violates significant organisational norms and, in so doing, threatens the well-being of the organisation or its members. Also called antisocial behaviour or workplace incivility

What is status?

A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others

What is status characteristics theory?

A theory that states that differences in status characteristics create status hierarchies within groups

What are the 3 sources of status according to SCT?

1. The power a person wields over other, 2. A person's ability to contribute to a group's goals, 3. An individuals personal characteristics

What is social loafing?

The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually

What are the 5 ways to prevent social loafing?

1. Set group goals, 2. Increase intergroup competition, 3. Engage in peer evaluations, 4. Select members with high motivation, 5. Contribution based reward

What is group cohesiveness?

The shared bond driving group members to work together and to stay in the group

What is group diversity?

The extent to which members of a group are similar to, or different from, one another

What are faultlines?

The perceived divisions that split groups into two or more subgroups based on individual differences such as sex, race, age, work experience, language, and education

What is groupthink?

A phenomenon in which the norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action

What is groupshift?

A change between a group's decision and an individual decision that a member within the group would make; the shift can be toward either conservatism or greater risk, but it generally is toward a more extreme version of the group's original position

What are interacting groups?

Typical groups in which members interact with each other face to face

What is brainstorming?

An idea-generation process that specifically encourage any and all alternatives while witholding any criticism of those alternatives

What is nominal group technique?

A group decision making method in which individual members meet face to face to pool their judgements in a systematic but independent fashion

What is a work group?

A group that interacts primarily to share information and make decisions to help all members perform within their respective areas of responsibility

What is a work team?

A group whose individual efforts result in performance that is greater than the sum of the individual inputs

What is a problem-solving team?

Groups of five to twelve employees from the same detainment who meet for a few hours each week to discuss ways of improving quality, efficiency, and the work environment

What are self-managed work teams

Groups of ten to fifteen people who autonomously implement solutions and take responsibility for the outcomes

What are cross-functional teams?

Employees from about the same hierarchical level, but from different work areas, who come together to accomplish a task

What are virtual teams?

Teams that use technology ti tie together physically dispersed members in order to achieve a common goal

What are multiteam systems?

A collection of two or more interdependent teams that share a superordinate goal; a team of teams

What is demography?

The degree to which members of a work unit share common demographic attributes' such as age, sec, race, educational level, or length of service in an organization

What is reflextivity?

A team characteristics of reflecting on and adjusting their purpose or plan when necessary

What is team efficacy?

A team's collective belief among team members that the can succeed as their tasks

What is team identity?

Team members' affinity for and sense of belongingness to their teams

What is team cohesion?

When team members are emotionally attached and bonded to one another and committed toward the team

What are mental models?

Team members' knowledge and beliefs about how the work gets done by the team

What is surface-level diversity?

Differences in easily perceived characteristics, such as gender, race, ethnicity, age, or disability, that do not necessarily reflect the ways people think or feel but that may activate certain stereotypes

What is deep-level diversity?

Differences in values, personality, and work preferences that become progressively more important for determining similarity as people get to know one another better

What is discrimination?

Noting a difference between things; often we refer to unfair discrimination, which means making judgements about individuals based on stereotypes regarding their demographic group

What is stereotyping?

Judging someone based on one's perception of the group to which that person belongs

What is stereotype threat?

The degree to which we are concerned with being judged by or treated negatively based on a certain stereotype

What are the 6 types of discrimination?

1. Discriminatory policies or practices

What is conflict?

A process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect, something that the first party cares about

What is functional conflict?

Conflict that supports the goals of the group and improves its performance

What is dysfunctional conflict?

Conflict that hinders group performance

What are the 3 levels of conflict?

1. Low/none, 2. Optimal, 3. High

What is relationship conflict?

Conflict based on interpersonal relationships

What is task conflict?

Conflict over content and goals of the work

What is process conflict?

Conflict over how work get done

What is dyadic conflict?

Conflict that occurs between two people

What is intergroup conflict?

Conflict between different groups or teams

What is intragroup conflict?

Conflict that occurs within a group or team

What are the 5 stages of conflict?

1. Potential opposition or incompatibility

2. Cognition and personalization

3. Intentions

4. Behavior

5. Outcomes

What is perceived conflict?

Awareness by one or more parties of the existence of conditions that create opportunities for conflict to arise

What is felt conflict?

Emotional involvement in a conflict that creates anxiety, tension, frustration, or hostility

What is conflict management?

The use of resolution and stimulation techniques to achieve the desired level of conflict

What is negotiation?

A process in which two or more parties exchange good or services and attempt to agree on the exchange rate for them

What is distributive bargaining?

Negotiation that seeks to divide up a fixed amount of resources' a win-lose situation

What is the fixed pie belief?

The blief that there is only a set amount of goods and services to be divvied up between the parties

What is integrative bargaining?

Negotiation that seeks one or more settlements that can create a win-win solution

What is BATNA?

The best alternative to a negotiated agreement; the least the individual should accept

What is a mediator?

A neutral third party who facilitates a negotiated solution by using reasoning, persuasion, and suggestions for alternatives

What is an arbitrator?

A third party to a negotiation who has the authority to dictate and agreement

What is a conciliator?

A trusted third party who provides an informal communication link between the negotiator and the negotiation partner

What is leadership?

The act of influencing a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals

What is trait theories of leadership?

Theories that consider personal qualities and characteristics that differentiate leaders from non leaders

What are the big five personality traits?

1.Extraversion, 2. Agreeableness, 3. Openness, 4. Conscientiousness, 5. Neuroticism

What are behavioral theories of leadership?

Theories proposing that specific behaviors differentiate leaders from nonleaders

What is initiating structure?

The extent to which leader define and structure their roles and those of their subordinates in pursuit of goal attainment

What is leadership consideration?

The extent to which a leader is likely to have job relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect for subordinates' ideas, and regard for their feelings

What is the Fiedler contingency model?

The theory that effective groups depend on a proper match between a leader's style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader

What is the least preferred coworker questionnaire?

An instrument that measured whether a person is task or relationship oriented

What is leader-member relations according to Fiedler's contingency model?

The degree of confidence, trust, and respect subordinates have in their leader

What is task structure according to Fiedler's contingency model?

The degree to which job assignments follow a specific procedure

What is position power according to Fiedler's contingency model?

Influence derived from one's formal structural position in the organization; includes power to hire, fire, discipline, promote, and give salary increases

What is situational leadership theory?

A contingency theory that focuses on followers' readiness, or the extent to which they are willing and able to accomplish a specific task

What is path-goal theory?

A theory that states that it is the leader's job to assist followers by providing the necessary resources to achieve their goals, to ensure that the path tot accomplishing these goals is understandable or clear, and to reduce any roadblock that may be making goal accomplishment difficult

What predictions does path-goal theory make?

Directive leadership\= employee satisfaction when tasks are ambiguous or stressful but not when tasks are structured and well laid out. Supportive leadership\= high performance when tasks are structured. Directive leadership\= perceived as redundant when employees have high skill or considerable experience.

What is the leader-participation model?

A leadership theory that provides a set of rules to determine the form and amount of participative decision making in different situations

What is the leader-member exchange theory?

A theory that suggest leaders and followers have unique relationships that vary in quality and these followers comprise ingroups and outgroups; subordinate with ingroup status will likely have higher performance ratings, less turnover, and greater job satisfaction

What is charismatic leadership theory?

A leadership theory that states that followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors

What are transactional leaders?

Leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements, allocating rewards and punishment where needed, and intervening when the situation call for it

What are transformational leaders?

Leaders who inspire followers to transcend their own self interests for the good of the organization

What is the full range leadership model?

A model that depicts seven leadership styles on a continuum: laissez-faire, management by exception, contingent reward leadership, individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, and idealized influence

What are authentic leaders?

Leaders who are self-aware and anchored by their mission, consider others' opinions and all relevant information before acting, and display their true selves when interacting with employess

What is (un)ethical leadership?

The idea that leaders serve as ethical role models to followers, and thus demonstrate appropriate (or inappropriate) behavior by using their power in (un)ethical ways and/or by treating others fairly (or unfairly)

What is servant leadership?

A leadership style marked by going beyond the leader's own self-interest and instead focus on opportunities to help followers grow and develop.

What is the attribution theory of leadership?

A leadership theory that states that leadership is merely and attribution that people make about other individuals