CompTIA A+ 220-1101 Core 1 Study Flashcards

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Local Area Network (LAN)

A network that covers a relatively small area such as a building or group of buildings
(1.1 & 2.7)

Personal Area Network (PAN)

- Provides communication for devices owned by a single user that work over a short distance
- Bluetooth, IR, NFC, etc.
(1.1 & 2.7)

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

Lightweight & Inexpensive - Poor black levels due to Separate Backlight
(1.2)

TN (twisted nematic)

Fast response Times - Low cost - Low Power Use - Limited Viewing Angles
(1.2)

IPS (In Plane Switching)

Better Colors - Better Viewing Angles - More Expensive
(1.2)

OLED (organic light-emitting diode)

Thinner & Brighter - No Need for Backlight
(1.2)

MDM (mobile device management)

- Manage company & user devices
- Centralized management system
- Ensures device security
(1.4)

MAM (mobile application management)

- Set policies & restrictions on apps
- Control Company software (Update, Remove, Etc.)
(1.4)

PRL (Preferred Roaming List)

- Allows phone to connect to the right tower
(1.4)

Port 20/21

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
- 20(TCP) for Data Transfers
- 21(TCP) to Control Data Transfers
(2.1)

Port 22

SSH (Secure Shell) - TCP
- Encrypted Communication
- Looks/Acts the same as Telnet
(2.1)

Port 23

Telnet (Telecommunications Network) - TCP
- Non-encrypted Communication
- Log into devices remotely
(2.1)

Port 25

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - TCP
- Used to send mail from device to mail server
(2.1)

Port 53

DNS (Domain Name System) - UDP
- Converts names to IP addresses
- CRITICAL Resource
(2.1)

Port 67/68

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) - UDP
- Automated configuration of IP addresses
- IPs can be reserved for certain devices
- IP Range: 10.1.10.10 through 10.1.10.199
(2.1)

Port 80

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) - TCP
- Non-encrypted communication in the browser
(2.1)

Port 110

POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) - TCP
- Receive emails from an email server
- Basic mail transfer functionality
(2.1)

Port 143

IMAP (Internet Mail Access Protocol) - TCP
- Includes management of email inboxes from multiple clients. (Sync email across multiple devices)
(2.1)

Port 161/162

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) - UDP
- Port 161 queries devices for performance statistics.
- Port 162 monitors when metrics exceed a certain threshold.
(2.1)

Port 389

LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) - TCP
- Store & retrieve info in a network directory.
- Commonly used in Microsoft Active Directory.
(2.1)

Port 443

HTTPS (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure) - TCP
- Encrypted Communication in the Browser
(2.1)

Port 445

Server Message Block (SMB) & Common Internet File System (CIFS) - TCP
- Provides direct connection & communication over TCP without the NetBIOS Transport
(2.1)

Port 3389

RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) - TCP
- Share a desktop from a remote location
(2.1)

Access Point

Extends wired network & converts it into a wireless network.
(2.2)

Router

Routes traffic between IP subnets
(2.2)

Patch Panel

- Goes between work desks & switches
- Work desk connections to patch panel are permanent.
(2.2)

Firewalls

-Filters traffic by TCP/UDP port number (OSI Layer 4 filtering)
-Some can filter based on the application
-Can encrypt traffic in/out of the network (protect traffic between sites)
-Can proxy traffic (common security technique)
-Can be used as a Layer 3 device (routers)
(2.2)

PoE (Power over Ethernet)

Devices that send Ethernet data and power over twisted-pair cable to compliant devices (for example, cameras, phones, etc).
(2.2)

Modem

- Cable Version: Uses DOCSIS (Data over Cable Service Interface Specification) which is broadband.
- DSL Version: Uses ADSL (Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line) where download speed is higher than upload speed.
(2.2)

ONT (optical network terminal)

- Fiber
- ISP fiber line stretches to demarc point at which your in-home copper wire takes over.
(2.2)

NIC (Network Interface Card)

- A device that serves as an interface between the computer and the network. Also called a network adapter or network card.
- Ethernet Connection
- May need drivers installed before hardware is installed (Check Manual)
(2.2)

802.11 Types

a (10/1999) - 5Ghz & 54 mbit/s
b (10/1999) - 2.4 Ghz & 11 mbit/s
g (06/2003) - 2.4 Ghz & 54 mbit/s
n (10/2009) - 2.4/5 Ghz & 600 mbit/s
ac (01/2014) - 5 Ghz & Almost 7 Gb/s
ax (02/2021) - 2.4/5 Ghz & About 9.6 Gb/s
(2.3)

DNS Server

- Converts a website name to an IP Addresses
- Usually managed by ISP or enterprise IT Dept.
(2.4)

DHCP Server

- The server leases IP addresses to network clients
- IP Range: 10.1.10.10 through 10.1.10.199
(2.4)

File Server

- Centralized Storage of documents, files, etc.
- Standard system of file management
- SMB (Server Message Block)
- AFP (Apple Filing Protocol)
(2.4)

Print Server

- Connect a printer to the network
- Provide printing services for all network devices
- May be built-in to the printer
- Uses standard printing protocols
- SMB (Server Message Block),
- IPP (Internet Printing Protocol),
- LPD (Line Printer Daemon)
(2.4)

Mail Server

- A server that manages the storage and transfer of e-mail messages on a network.
(2.4)

Syslog Server

- A type of server used for collecting system messages from networked devices
- Usually a central logging receiver
(2.4)

Web Server

- A server that delivers requested webpages to your computer or mobile device
- Uses HTTPS/HTTPS & HTML/HTML5
- Web pages are stored on the server
(2.4)

Authentication Server

- A server that keeps track of who's logging on to the network and which services on the network are available to each user.
- Redundant Server (Always Available)
(2.4)

Spam Gateway

- Checks for Unsolicited Emails
- Scans incoming mail to accept or reject it.
(2.4)

UTM Gateway (Unified Threat Management Gateway)

Services:
- URL Filter / Content Inspection
- Firewall - Malware Inspection
- Spam Filter - VPN Endpoint
- IDP / IPS
(2.4)

Load Balancer

- A dedicated network device that can direct requests to different servers based on a variety of factors.
- Distributes load to multiple servers
- Server outages have no effect
- TCP & SSL Offload
(2.4)

Proxy Server

- A server that acts as an intermediary between a user and the Internet.
- Access control, URL Filtering, Content Scanning
(2.4)

SCADA / ICS (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition / Industrial Control System)

- Large-scale
- PC Manages Equipment
- Requires extensive segmentation
- Usually expensive software, requires elevated permission to access.
(2.4)

IoT (Internet of Things)

- Appliances such as fridges & microwaves
- Air control (Smart Thermostats)
- Access Devices (Smart doorbells and locks)
(2.4)

IPv4

- The dominant protocol for routing traffic on the Internet
- 4 Numbers (X.X.X.X)
- 32 bits or 4 bytes -\> 8 bits per number
- Max value for each number is 255
(2.5)

IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6)

- 8 hexadecimals (X.X.X.X.X.X.X.X)
- 128 bits or 16 bytes -\> 16 bits per number

APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing)

- Link Local addresses (no router forwarding)
- IETF has reserved 169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255
- Only communicates on your network
(2.5)

Static IP

- An IP address that is manually assigned to a device and remains constant until it is manually changed.
(2.5)

Dynamic IP

- IP address assigned by DHCP server.
- This method insures there are no overlapping IP addresses within a network.
- Changes when lease expires
(2.5)

Gateway

- A node that handles communication between its LAN and other networks.
(2.5)

DNS Configuration

- 13 root server clusters (Over 1,000 actual servers)
- 100's of Generic Top Level Domains (gTLD)
- Over 275 Country-Code Top-Level Domains (ccTLD)
(2.6)

Address Records

- A records are for IPv4 addresses
- AAAA records are for IPv6 addresses
(2.6)

MX (Mail Exchanger)

- Determines host name for mail server
(2.6)

TXT (Text Records)

- Can be used for verification purposes
- Commonly used for email security
- External email servers validate info from your DNS.
(2.6)

Spam Management

- Domain Keys Identified Mail (DKIM)
- Digitally sign a domains outgoing mail
- Public key is available in DKIM TXT record

- Sender Policy Framework (SPF)
- List of all servers authorized to send emails on behalf of this domain; prevents email spoofing
- Mail server validates mail is coming from authorized host

- Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, & Conformance (DMARC)
- Extension of DKIM / SPF
- Decides what servers do with mail that isn't accepted by SPF/DKIM
(2.6)

Lease

- Created by the DHCP server to allow a system requesting an IP to use that IP for a certain amount of time.
(2.6)

Reservation

- An IP address that is set aside by a DHCP server for a specific network client, which is identified by its MAC address.
(2.6)

Scope

- The predefined range of addresses that can be leased to any network device on a particular network.
(2.6)

VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network)

- Separated logically instead of physically
- Multiple domains under one physical switch
(2.6)

VPN (Virtual Private Network)

- Concentrator
- Encryption/Decryption access device
- Actively encrypts & decrypts your data packets
(2.6)

Satellite Networking

- Non-terrestrial communication
- 50 Mbit/s down, 3 Mbit/s up
- High latency (250 ms up/down)
- High frequencies (2 GHz)
(2.7)

Fiber Newtwork

- High Speed Communication
- Higher install costs vs copper wire
- Large installation in the WAN core
- Supports high data rates
- SONET, Wavelength Division Multiplexing
(2.7)

Cable

- Broadband (Transmission across many multiple frequencies)
- Data on "cable" network
- DOCSIS
- High Speed (50-1000 Mbit/s)
(2.7)

DSL

- ADSL (Assymetrical Digital Subscriber Line)
- 200 Mb down and 20 Mb up is common
(2.7)

Cellular Network

- Separates land into "cells" and each cell covers a different frequency
- Tethering (Turn your phone into a router)
- Mobile Hotspot
(2.7)

WISP

- Wireless Internet Service Provider
- Connects rural/remote locations
- Need an outdoor antenna to connect typically
(2.7)

WAN (Wide Area Network)

- Generally connects LANs across a distance
- Many different technologies
- Point-to-point Serial, MPLS, etc.
(2.7)

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

- A network covering a city
- Bigger than LAN, usually smaller than WAN
- Common to see government ownership
(2.7)

SAN (Storage Area Network)

- Looks & feels like a local storage device
- Requires high bandwidth
- Some people may use an isolated network solely for the SAN
(2.7)

WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)

- A self-contained network of two or more computers connected using a wireless connection.
- Usually within a building
(2.7)

Cable Crimpers

- "Pinch" the connector onto a wire
- Coaxial, twisted pair, fiber
- Connect the modular connector to the Ethernet cable
- Metal prongs are pushed through the insulation
(2.8)

WiFi Analyzer

- Everyone "hears" everything
- Specializes in 802.11 analysis
- Identify errors and interference
- Validate antenna location and installation
(2.8)

Tone Generator / Probe

- Tone generator
- Sends an analog sound through the cable it is attached to
- Probe
- Makes noise and/or lights up when touching the cable with the generator attached
- Easy wire tracing
(2.8)

Punch Down Tool

- A pointed tool used to insert twisted-pair wire into receptors in a punch-down block
- Organization is key
- Maintain twists in cables
(2.8)

Cable Testers

- Continuity test
- Can identify missing pins or crossed wires
- Not usually used for frequency testing
(2.8)

Loopback Plug

- Useful for testing physical ports
- Serial, Ethernet, T1, fiber
- Data leaves the interface, loops back, and reenters
(2.8)

Taps & Port Mirrors

- Used to intercept network traffic
- Physical Taps
- Disconnect link & put tap in the middle
- Active or Passive Tap
- Port Mirror
- Software based tap
- SPAN (Switched Port ANalyzer)
- Limited Functionality
(2.8)

Cat 5 & Cat 5e (enhanced)

- Cable used to connect a network infrastructure
- 1000Base-T Ethernet Standard
- Work up to 100 meters
(3.1)

Cat 6 & Cat 6a (Augmented)

- Use 10GBase-T Ethernet Standard
- Unshielded Cat 6 works up to 55 meters
- Shielded Cat 6 and Cat 6a work up to 100 meters
(3.1)

Coaxial

- Single copper wire cable surrounded in layers
- Uses RG-6 connector
- Commonly used in TV's and High-Speed internet over cable
(3.1)

STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)

- A type of cable containing twisted-wire pairs that are not only individually insulated, but also surrounded by a shielding.
- Requires the cable to be grounded via an additional wire in the cable
(3.1)

UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

- Composed of pairs of wires twisted around each other at specific intervals.
- No additional shielding around pairs of wires
(3.1)

Direct Burial STP

- Protected from elements
- Cable is buried in the ground
- Often filled with gel to repel water
- Shielding in the STP protects against interference
(3.1)

Plenum

- The area above the ceiling tile for the HVAC system and usually network wires to run
- Traditional cable is Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and not safe against fires
- Fire Rated Cable Jackets to use in a Plenum:
- Fluorinated Ethylene Polymer (FEP)
- Low-Smoke PVC
(3.1)

Fiber

- Transmission by light - No RF signals
- Difficult to monitor & tap
- Multimode: Short Range Communication (2km) - Uses Cheaper LED's
- Single Mode: Long Range Comm. (100km) - Uses Expensive Lasers
(3.1)

T568A & T568B

- The two color codes used for wiring eight-position RJ45 modular plugs.
- Neither is better than the other
- Many organizations typically use T568B
(3.1)

USB 2.0

- HighSpeed: 480 megabits per second
- 5 meters max length
(3.1)

USB 3.0

- SuperSpeed: 5 gigabits per second
- 3 meters (No specified Length)
(3.1)

Serial (Console Cable)

- Used to configure telephone and networking equipment
- Commonly used for RS-232
(3.1)

Thunderbolt Cable

- High-speed serial connector
- Thunderbolt v2
-20 Gbit/s aggregated channels
-Mini DisplayPort connector
- Thunderbolt v3
-40 Gbit/s aggregated throughput
-USB-C connector
- 3 meters w/ copper, 60 meters w/ optical
(3.1)

HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface)

- Digital audio and video interface
- 19-pin type a connector
- Around a 20 meter range
(3.1)

DisplayPort

- Digital video connector in packetized form
- Carries audio and video
- Compatible with HDMI & DVI (With an adapter)
(3.1)

DVI (Digital Visual Interface)

- Single & Dual link video
- Single \= 3.7 GB/s &. Dual \= 7.4 GB/s
- DVI-A (Analog)
- DVI-D (Digital)
- DVI-I (Integrated) - Analog and Digital
(3.1)

VGA (Video Graphics Array)

-DB-15 connector (Also known as DE-15)
-Blue color
-Analog signal (No digital option)
-Image degrades after 5 to 10 meters
(3.1)

SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)

- Uses serial signals to transfer data
- SATA 3.0 (6 GB/s)
- SATA 3.2 (16 GB/s)

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)

- Designed to string up to 16 devices on one cable
- LUN (Logical Unit) are defined within each SCSI ID
- SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) devices have no jumpers, terminators, or settings
- SCSI pronounced "scuzzy"
(3.1)

eSATA (External SATA)

- A modern type of connector for attaching external hard disks
(3.1)

IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)

- A hard drive whose disk controller is integrated into the drive, eliminating the need for a controller cable and thus increasing speed
- Originally called PATA (Parallel AT Attachment)
(3.1)