G's Mao Nouns

Qing (Manchu)

The last dynasty of China: (up to 1912) also called the Manchu Dynasty. (Foreigners ruling China.) Characteristics: highly corrupt, inefficient; experienced wars & rebellions (1839 on). Nationalist Revolution overthrew the dynasty.

Yuan Shikai

Overthrew the Qing Dynasty and ruled until 1916. Died on 1916 leaving a power vacuum for Warlord to take control

Sun Yatsen

First Leader of Nationalist that took control of China, Chiang kai-shek succeeded him. Wanted to overthrow the Qing Dynasty for a republican Government; Created Three Principles of the People

Warlords

Took power in areas of China after Yuan Shikai's death until the 1st United Front overthrew them

Mao Zedong

Mao Zedong led the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to power in 1949. Over the next quarter century before his death in 1976, he was leader of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

Chiang Kai-shek

Leader of Nationalist on 1926- Later given title of Generalissimo - Lost to the CCP- Fuelled large portion of corruption in CHina

Li Lisan

orthodox communist who studied in Russia and criticized Mao and wanted Mao to focus revolutionary action in urban areas - 1930 - Mao disagreed with his interpretation of marxism

Wang Ming

leader of the 28 bolsheviks who disagreed with Mao ignoring the Cominterm and acting independently (disagreed with Mao using Marxism in an argucultural society)

the 28 Bolsheviks

A particular set of communists who had been trained in moscow and came back to China with instructions to make the CCP conform to Soviet concepts of revolution

Khrushchev

The Soviet Leader that came about in 1956 after Stalin's death; condemned Stalin's cult of personality and had tense relations with Mao

Stalin

Soviet political leader who governed the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He served as both General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union; Had an extremely tense relationship with Mao and lended him financial aid only to charge immensely high interest

Peng Dehuai

The PRC's Minister of Defence; during the Lushan CCP gathering, recounted the horrors of the famine he had seen in his own province of Anhui and begged that action be taken to alleviate the suffering. However, members of the party did not speak up and instead turned against him along with Mao

Deng Xiaoping

A prominent figure insturcted by Mao to take care of restoring the foods supplies when Mao withdrew from the political sphere; He was also sent to a corrective labour camp after he deviated from collectivization while fixing the famine; he also spoke out against Jiang Qing during the Cultural Revolution

Liu Shaoqi

Along with Deng Xiaoping, he worked on restoring the food supply with considerable success / Publically humiliated and imprisoned until he died

Lin Biao

Created Mao Red book. Head of propaganda for Mao, Mao saw him as his successor. Implicated in a plot to assassinate Mao and fled but died in plane crash over Mongolia while fleeing

Jiang Qing

Mao's wife: Led the Gang of Four, Responsible for ridding the Four Olds when Mao stepped down politically, Destroyed all artistic expression that was not purely revolutionary

Zhou Guangqun

A professor of music at the Beijing Conservatoire; recalled how Jiang's edicts against bourgeois culture terrorized the staff at the Beijing Conservatoire into silence.

Yan Yen

Chinese poet who commented:'As a result of the Cultural Revolution you could say the cultural trademark of my generation is that we have no culture.'

Brezhnev

Succeeded Krushchev as the Soviet Leader in the late 1960s / Stalinist who believed the Soviet Union was the communist world power / Called international Communist Conference to outlaw China and Sino-Soviet relations worsened

Nixon

He was the 37th President of the U.S. and played a major role in recognizing the Chinese Communist Governmnet and it made the Bamboo Curtain be lifted by a bit. Machinery for diplomatic contact and trade had been put in place after the event of Mao and Nixon.

Kosygin

Soviet Union's foreign minister who offered to mediate the conflict between India and China; Mao denied his help as a Soviet attempt to undermine China's international standing

Marxist ideology

Relating to the ideas of Karl Marx who had advanced the notion that human society developed historically as a continuous series of class struggles between those who possessed economic and political power and those who did not. He thought that the culmination of this dialectical process would be the crushing victory of the prolertariat over the bourgeoisie.

Maoism

Mao's form of Marxism where the class struggle would be instigated by the peasants instead of the Proletariat (essentially an agricultural form of Marxism)

dialectic

The dynamic force that drives history along a predestined path; Mao wanted to skip the dialectic stages a country had to go through to develop with the GLF

proletarian revolution

A social revolution in which the working class attempts to overthrow the bourgeois.

revolutionary correctness

The idea that Chinese communism was a body of political, social and economic truth, as defined by Mao, which all CCP members had to accept in order to prevent betrayal from within

bourgeois stage

The period of history when the middle class dominate society until the working-class revolution occurs.

On New Democracy

A series of reflections where Mao defined the revolution which the Chinese Communists were leading not as a class movement but as a national one.

revisionist ideas

Reactionary, anti-Party thinking; Mao used this to describe those opposing him

Quotations of Chairman Mao Zedong (Little Red Book)

A bright red book, which contained selections from Mao's speeches and writings, made it the most instantly recogizable book in the world.

Four Olds

A reference to the pre-communist elements of Chinese culture, which includes: old thoughts, old habits, old culture, and old customs.

Revisionism

Departure from true communism, a blanket term applied to any idea of which Mao disapproved.

venerating Mao

As the young listened to the radical instruction of Mao, they were reverting to a powerful Chinese tradition \-- worship of the emperor and obedience to his authority.

Confucianism

A system of ethics, based on the teachings of Confucius, which emphasized the need for people to be obedient to higher authority in order to preserve social hatmony. It was also part of the Four Olds.

"It is right to rebel."

One of Mao's slogans that sent the Red Guards to set about destroying the Four Olds.

"bourgeois reactionary line"

Mao expressed that Deng and Liu used Soviet revisionism while fixing the famine and used this quote as a pretext to remove them from their posts in government

"the dignity of labour"

During Mao's "up to the mountains and down to the villages" campaign to send the young Red Gaurds to the countryside, Mao expressed that people of privilege should learn this

"up to the mountains and down to the villages"

The youngsters (Red Gaurds) were urged to go into the countryside and live among the peasants; in this way they would both learn what life was like for 80% of the Chinese people and deepen their understanding of revolution by learning the dignity of labor

"catch the starts and the moon"

A slogan that represented people working in the countryside during the nightime

"satellites to heaven"

A saying that expressed how CCP officials in the countryside would inflate the grain production figures which led to the government taking more food than a fair percentage and caused widespread famine

"the corn will grow higher the more you desire"

A slogan that motivated peasants to grow more crops, such as corn

"remember the bitter past and think of the sweet present"

Campaign that told peasants that Mao and the CCP wanted them to remember their suffering before 1949 (during the civil war) so that young people realize the fortune they have which is owed to Mao and the CCP

re-educational labor camps

Where artists were sent if they showed reluctance to accept the Jiang Qing's policies that art must express pure revolutionary ideas; brutal treatment (ex: artists where forced to dig with no tools which ruined their hands which they rely on to make art)

"lean to one side"

Mao's term for its alliance with the Soviet Union during the Cold War

Sino-centric

Having Chinese interests at the centre of things, with all other considerations secondary to them; Stalin condemned Mao for this because Sino-centrism was not urban based

"friendship of equality"

The Sino-Soviet Treaty spoke of this but Stalin did not exhibit this as he made China pay back loans or pay Soviet advisors

Sino-Soviet Treaty (1950)

Although this spoke of friendship of equality, Stalin exploited the agreement; Terms under the treaty included: the $300-million Soviet advance was a loan not a gift; the PRC had to undertake to repay the full amount plus high interest and the upkeep of 10,000 Soviet economic and military advisors who went to China had to be paid for by the PRC; this caused Sino-Soviet tension as the relationship began

de-Stalinization

Khrushchev's policy of eradicating the influence of Stalinism on the Soviet Union, specifically the cult of personality which alarmed Mao because he thought this would undermine his authority

Test Ban Treaty

An agreement between the USSR and the Western nuclear powers to end atmospheric testing of atomic weapons which Mao used to express that the USSR had betrayed its revolutionary war because they were collaborating with "imperialists" (Khrushchev responded that Mao wanted to see the East and West destroy themselves in nuclear war and rule what was left)

Bamboo Curtain

A figurative way of describing the PRC's hostility towards the non-communist world, similar to the "Iron Curtian" in Europe; this curtain was lifted as Mao and Nixon met after the USA agreed to let the PRC replace Taiwan in the UN

détente

The easing of hostility or strianed relations, espcially between countries; Seeking improved relations between countries; Mao believed the Soviets were using this concept to internationally isolate China so Mao met with Nixon to beat the Soviets at their own game

GMD

AKA: Nationalist Party; overthrew Qing Dynasty after the successful revolt in 1911-12 because but after death of Yuan Shikai the GMD fell and warlords took over; Party in power after the warlords fell as a product of the United Front pushed by the USSR; lost to the CCP in the Chinese Civil War in 1949 and fled to Taiwan

CCP

Opposing party of the GMD formed in 1912 and joined the GMD in the first United Front to rid of the warlords; Won the Chinese Civil War in 1949 and formed the PRC under Mao Zedong

Red Army

Army of the CCP during the Chinese Civil War

Comintern

The Communist International, formed in 1919 in Moscow to organize worldwide revolution. The Comintern took a particular interest in China, believing that it could impose Itself on the young CCP; this organization believed Mao the essential dialectic stages, lacked urbanization, and could only achieve the bourgeouis stage because of its argicultural society

PLA

China's People's Liberation Army, formerly the Red Army; officials of this organization were local officials, used in reunification campaigns, and used as a weapon against those Mao suspected

Politburo

An inner core of some twenty leading members of the Communist Party chosen by and under the control of Mao

Red Guards

Units of young people, specially trained by Kang Sheng, the head of Mao's secret police, to act as terror squads against reactionaries who supported the Four Olds

CCRG

A sub-committee of the Politburo which Mao appointed in May 1965 to direct the Cultural Revolution which included the Gang of Four; this organization provided the Red Guards with names of suspect officials and CCP members; campaigned "cleansing the class ranks" to eradicate capitalism once and for all

Gang of Four

A group of extreme hardliners drawn from the Chinese Communist Party's Shanghai faction and led by Mao's wife, Jiang Qing; influenced the "cleansing the class ranks" campaign

Patriotic Churches

Churches which were allowed by Chinese authorities. They were state controlled. The cergy had to profess open support for commuinst regime and accept that the authorities had the right to appoint priests and dictate forms of worship

Separatists

Separatist movements in Tibet, Xinjiang, and Guangdong threatened Mao's authority and prompted him to send PLA troops to supress the separatist movements and moved the Han people into the regions to dilute the Muslim population

All China Women's Federation

Thirty years after Mao's death, the representative of the All China Women's Federation described the outlook of Xinjiang's 4 million women as being like a frog ina well: 'All they can see is a tiny bit of sky, so their outlook is very narrow. A woman is treated as a man's possession.'

National People's Congress

The elected body drawn from members of the CCP and from which members of the Politiburo and State Council were appointed; the number of woemn included in this organization increased from 14% to 23% under Mao but this did not support Mao's claim to promote females

Chinese Revolution of 1911

Yuan Shikai's ideas helped lead to this revolt against the Qing Dynasty that lead to the dynasty's end and the GMD's establishment

May 4th Movement

Chinese anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement which grew out of student protests in Beijing

Paris Peace Conference

The gathering which drew up the Treaty of Versailles, which, with other peace treaties after the First World War, reshaped much of the post-war world; China was humiliated by the allies at this event because they were informed that their territory taken by Germany would not be returned to them which sparked the May 4th Movement

Republican China

Yuan Shikai was the president of this governmental era that borrowed heavily from foreign powers and was deemed incapable by the Chinese people which was proven in its swift collapse following Yuan Shikai's death

Autumn Harvest Rising

The first CCP launched counterattack against the Nationalists in reprisal for the massacare in Shanghai in which the GMD won

Jiangxi

Mao moved the CCP here and built a Soviet; used the countryside of this province to self-sustain the CCP

Futian Incident

Mao orders the execution and torture of 4,000 Red Army troops that he thinks are plotting to kill him

Long March

A military retreat by the CCP from Jiangxi China in the south to Yan'an China in the north. Led by Mao, nearly 100,000 CCP members began marching on October 15; Mao rose to power during this event

Yanan Period

Mao claims leadership of the CCP and begins land reform and peasant policies in this period

Rectification of Conduct Campaign

CCP members are instructed to engage in public self-criticism, study prescribed texts (mainly Mao's). Some Party members were imprisoned and tortured.

Manchuria

Japan occupied this region that was the location of the 2nd Sino-Japanese War. Both the GMD and CCP sought control of this region because of its various resources

Sino-Japanese War

A war fought between China and Japan over the occupation of Manchuria between 1937 - 1945

Reunification Campaigns

PLA troops were sent into Tibet, Xinjiang, and Guangdong to impose martial law and crush any potential independence movements

Anti-Movements

These were launched against the remnants of the Bourgeois class where the Chinese people were encouraged to inform the government about people unwilling to accept Mao's government; target those who contribute to waste, corruption, and tax evasion

Anti-Landlord Campaign

A movement against landlords where property was confiscated and redistributed, landlords denounced, put on public trial, and even executed

Korean War

Stalin convinced Mao to enter this war in support of the communist side. The United States backed the opposing side which led to conflicts between China and the USA

100 Flowers Campaign

Mao's invitation to CCP members to criticize government and party policies. In 1957, using the slogan 'Let a hundred flowers bloom; let a hundred schools of thought contend', Mao called on members to debate the great issues facing China; eventually too many critiques were mad and Mao recinded his offer and arrested and improisoned those who spoke out (rightists)

"10 rights among every 100"

Mao assumed that 10% of Chinese people were rightists. Officials assumed that this meant that they needed to find this many rightists, which led to innocent civilians being targeted.

Hungarian Uprising

In November 1956, Krushchev send Soviet troops this uprising to make clear that de-Stalinization did not mean decreasing the grip of the Communist Party over the USSR or weakening USSR control. The uprising was an attempt by one country's communist government to break from the USSR.

Five Year Plan

An economic plan with production quotas for China to become an industrial power; precursor to GLF

Great Leap Forward

A campaign/movement for China to go from rural to urban by producing steel as a population. There were plans for peasants to make a surplus of food to sell abroad and for steelworkers to constitute the modern industrial economy. Collectivization was a major part. Because the steel workers did not have the technological means, the steel was unsellable and the agricultural workers starved because they could not adject to collective farming

Great Famine

Since the first step of the GLF was collectivization, peasants had to work in communes, so they couldn't farm for themselves/family and any surplus went to the state / farmers couldn't adjust to collective farming so suddenly but they needed to send food to the government which led to famine

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

Mao's purge of the Communist Party, government, and people. This involved going against the Four Olds, implementing the Red Guards, and enforcing Mao's cult of personality.

August Rally (1966)

This is when the Cultural Revolution first came to the people's attention in Tiananmen Square in Beijing. 1 mil younger people attended. Lin Bao spoke and attacked 4 Olds

Tiananmen Square

1 million young people gathered here to be introduced to the cultural revolution by Lin Biao; ALSO, this location housed offices and houses of ministers and officials which was put under siege by the Red Guards to weed out suspect officials who opposed the Cultural Revolution

struggle sessions

During the height of the Cultural Revolution, Red Guard and overzealous peasantry organized struggle session against those suspected of having "rightist thought" or participating in exploitation of the people; A method for breaking victims' resistance by forcing them to engage in intense self-criticism until they confessed their guilt.

"Cleansing the Ranks" Campaign

Took place during the Cultural Revolution, A terror campaign to exterminate all those whose social background made them potential enemies of Mao and the communist state; target was to exterminate all signs of capitalism

Steps vs. various religions

Religion is widely opposed by the CCP, as Mao feared religion would be a source for seperatist movements in China. Devotion to the state is what was expected, and religion was viewed part of Traditional China and was suppressed.

1957 Conference w/ USSR

Khrushchev called this conference of the world's communist parties because he was worried of the discontent of communist countries because of his peaceful attitude towards the West; Mao said the Soviets were being too accommodating and that they abandoned the Marxist way of non-peaceful revolutionary methods

Sino-Indian War

Dispute to territories along the Himalayas led to disputes and skirmished between India and China. Escalated to war in 1962 by Chinese aggression, overall Chinese victory. However this would not settle the matter, as skirmishes throughout would escalate to larger conflict in 1967, which ended in a overall Indian victory. Additionally, the Soviet Union provided India with fighter planes and diplomatic support which caused more tension between the PRC and the USSR

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962, Source of great disconcent and strife between relations with China and Russia. Russia's concession to the United States on ICBM removal from Cuba was viewed as far too moderate and as if Russia was submitting to western imperialism by Mao.

Prague Spring

1969, As the USSR lessened control over puppeted Socialist Republics, Czechslovakians would take the opportunity to mount protests and rebel against the communist government. This would be brutally suppressed by deployment of troops from countries that all fall within the Warsaw Pact. Disallowed Brezhnev to outlaw China in a Communist Conference in 1969

Communist Conference (1969)

Russia attempted to gather other communist countries and condemn China in the conference. This failed as they lost moral ground with their handling of and the lead-up to the Prague Spring. USSR & PRC redirected ICBM's to one another soon afterwards.

Taiwan (Formosa)

The site where Chiang Kai Shek fled to. He began to establish a sepreate Chinese state

Beijing

The resored capital of China where Mao Zedong claimed that a new nation had been created the PRC

Manchuria

Region to the North of China that was invaded by Japan in 1931. The region would later be fough over by the Nationalists and the CCP