italy topic 2

when was the triple alliance

1882

who was the PM during the war

salandra

who opened negotiations with france and britain to achieve irredentism

the PM and foreign minister

how did italy try to achieve irredentism

opening negotiations with france and britain

why can italy back out of the triple alliance

because austria hungary attacked a country

what is the triple alliance

a defensive alliance

whats the treaty of london

france, britain and italy agreed that italy would receive austrian districts if they won the war

examples of the treaty of london austrian districts

• trentino

• south tyrol

• istria

• portion of dalmatia

when does italy join the war

may 1915

how did italy go to war

salandra used the kings executive power and didn’t ask parliament

who is d’annunzian

someone who is apart of the national association, he glorifies war

who loved war

• nationalists

• radicals

• republicans

was mussolini in favour of war

yes

consequence of mussolini being in favour of war

sacked by the socialists as he goes against their views

why did mussolini get sacked

was in favour of war

name of a pro war paper

popolo d’italia

what is popolo d’italia

pro war paper

who was outraged about war

giolitti

opinion on war from catholics

against war

opinion on war from socialists

critical of it

consequences of staying out of war in 1914

• nationalists turned against the government

• shows lack of power

• caused PM to overstep parliament

• seen as defeatists

• liberals lost control of population

impact of war on soldiers

• most of war was stalemate

• bogged down in a war of attriction

• 11 offensives in 2 ½ years

• maxim advance of 12 miles

• 5 million soldiers, mainly conscripted

• 1.3 million casualties

• 600 grams of bred, 250 grams of meat, 150 grams of pasta

• pay ½ lira a day

• 290,000 deserted

• 4000 sentenced to death

how many offensives were there in the 2 ½ of war

11 offensives

maxim advance of war

12 miles

how many soldiers

5 million

how many casualties

1.3 million

rations of war

• 600 grams of bread

• 250 grams of meat

• 150 grams of pasta

how many deserted

290,000

how many sentenced to death

4000

when was the battle of caporetto

october 1917

what was the battle of caporetto

austrian force broke italian lines, pushed italy back 160km

how many soldiers killed in the battle of caporetto

10,000

how many soldiers injured in the battle of caporetto

30,000

how many soldiers imprisoned in the battle of caporetto

300,000

what caused italy to lose the battle of caporetto

the communication line had collapsed and reverse troops hadn’t been brought in

what did general cardona do due to the battle of caporetto

ordered thousands to be executed

who resigned due to the battle of caporetto

roselli

who became pm after roselli resigned

orlando

who suicided due to the battle of caporetto

senator franchetti

when was the victory of vittorio

october 1918

who were the italians fighting under during the victory of vittorio

general armando diaz

what improved during the victory of vittorio

rations, facitlies and discipline was less harsh

what was arditi

formed to carry out raids on and behind enemy lines

explain the victory of vittorio

• italy launched a full scale attack on austria

• austria was in political collapse

• italian casualties reached 40,000

• 500,000 austrian prisoners of war

• 3rd november 1918 the armistice was signed

how many italian casualties were there in the victory of vittorio

40,000

how many austrian prisoners of war were there in the victory of vittorio

500,000

when was the victory of vittorio

october 1918

who was the armistice between

austria and italy

what did the italians expect after the victory of the battle of caporetto

austrian owned land

how many italians died in the war

600,000

who were the italians fighting under during the victory of vittorio

general armando diaz

proletariat

working class people regarded collectively

bourgeoise

middle/capitalist class who owned most of society wealth and means of production

trade union

organisation of workers

bienio rosso

two red years of 1919-1920

how many austrian prisoners of war were there in the victory of vittorio

500,000

who did italy borrow money from for the army

britain and usa

when was the armistice signed

3rd nov 1918

what caused italy to have an inflation

printed more money

what improved during the victory of vittorio

rations, facitlies and discipline was less harsh

what was arditi

formed to carry out raids on and behind enemy lines

explain the victory of vittorio

• italy launched a full scale attack on austria

• austria was in political collapse

• italian casualties reached 40,000

• 500,000 austrian prisoners of war

• 3rd november 1918 the armistice was signed

how did inflation affect people that landed the government money

purchasing power of their wages fell by about 25%

what was the impact of war on companies such as pirelli, montecatini, and fiat

helped out at war, no longer needed = profits decrease

how many people took place in strikes in 1919

over a million

what was the impact of the end of the war on trade unions

massively increased, 250,000 → 2 million

bolsheviks

a group of very radical socialists

how much had national debt increased

16 billion lire → 85 billion lire

what caused italy to have an inflation

printed more money

how did inflation affect the middle class

destroyed savings

how did inflation affect the landowners

relayed on rents and employees wages → less revenue

how did inflation affect workers

wages didnt match costs

how did shopkeepers feel about the liberal government

profit is decreasing, dont like government, under minded by gov

what did workers in the countryside demand

higher pay and guaranteed employment

what did landowners feel about the liberal government

appalled by governments failure

what was promised in the treaty of St Germain

• trent into

• south tyrol

• istria

• north dalmatia

• trieste

who was the st germain treaty signed by

austria

when was the st germain treaty signed

10 september 1919

why was the treaty known as a mutilated victory

demobilised soldiers felt humiliated, 60,000 dead, mass debt, huge increase in the cost of living

how did the mutilated victory lead to the strange death of liberal italy

soldiers felt betrayed by liberal italy PM orlando begged lord george, he ran away and orlando was forced to resign

what would industrialists think about liberal italy

think the government is incompetent and weak

how did d’annunzio inspire mussolini

d’annunzio’s followers were blackshirts, a skull + crossbones and used a straight arm salute - mussolini copied it

how did the occupation of fiume humiliate the liberal government

PM (nitti) did nothing, showing the government as weak + would give into violence

how did the occupation of fuime lead to the strange death of liberal italy

giolitti comes back to power, people dont like him (right wing people)

treaty of rapallo

fuime would become an international free city

what did italy hope to get out of the war

austrian owned land

what did the italians think about war

majority hated it - nationalists, radicals and republicans liked it

what happened to the power of the king and government due to the war

seen as defeatists

what happened to the role of parliament due to war

undermined - the PM used the kings executive power to go to war

what happened to nationalism due to war

turned against the government

was there an increase in strikes due to war

yes - people hated the war, it caused financial problems many people were anti war

examples to support italy made a major contribution to war

victory of vittonio

examples to support italys performance in the war was embarrassing

• 290,000 deserted

• battle of caporetto, 300,000 imprisoned

what did italians expect after the victory of the battle of caporetto

austrian owned land

how many italian men had died in war

650,000

how many men had been wounded in war

1 million

proletariat

working class people regarded collectively

bourgeoise

middle/capitalist class who owned most of societies wealth and means of production

how did shopkeepers feel about the liberal government

profit is decreasing, dont like government, under minded by gov

how much did unemployment increase by

over 2 million