Intro to A&P/cells

Anatomy

the study of the structure of an organism

Physiology

study of how that organism's body functions

Levels of organization

cell, tissue, organ, system, organism

Cell

smallest unit of life

Tissue

similar cells with a common function

Organ

made of 2 or more types of tissues

System

group of organs working toward a common goal

Organism

highest level of structural organization for an individual

11 body systems

skeletal, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, muscular, integumentary, lymphatic, excretory, endocrine, reproductive

Function of the skeletal system

provides support and protection, gives body shape

Major Organs of the Skeletal System

bones, liagements, cartilage, joints

Function of the nervous system

detects impulses from the senses; control center

Major Organs of the nervous system

brain, spinal cord, senses, nerves

Function of the circulatory system

transports nutrients and gases around the body

Major Organs of the circulatory system

heart, blood vessels, blood

Function of the respiratory system

exchanges gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

Major Organs of the respiratory system

lungs, sinuses, diaphragm

Function of the digestive system

breaks down and absorbs food

Major Organs of the digestive system

mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder

Function of the muscular system

provides movement for all parts of the body

Major Organs of the muscular system

skeletal and smooth muscles

Function of the integumentary system

protect the body, regulate temperature, prevent water loss

Major Organs of the integumentary system

skin, hair, nails

Function of the lymphatic system

fights infection, provides fluid for cells

Major Organs of the lymphatic system

spleen, thymus gland, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes

Functions of the excretory system

removes waste from the blood

Major Organs of the excretory system

kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra

Function of the endocrine system

secretes hormones

Major Organs of the endocrine system

Glands - hypothalamus, pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries or testes

Function of the reproductive system

produces cells used in sexual reproduction

Major Organs of the reproductive system

Female: ovaries, uterus, vagina, mammary glands

Male: testes, prostate, penis

Function necessary for life

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

Movement

internal movement (ex: digestive contractions) and ability to move through surroundings

Responsiveness

sensing and reacting to changes in environment (ex: pain felt when finger is cut with a knife)

Digestion

breaking down and absorbing nutrients

Metabolism

building larger molecules from small ones (anabolism) and breaking down larger molecules into small ones (catabolism)

Excretion

removal of wastes (ex: urine, sweat)

Reproduction

production of offspring

Growth

increase in cell size or overall body size

Survival needs

nutrients, oxygen, normal body temperature, water, normal atmospheric pressure

Nutrients

digestion and metabolism

Oxygen

heart and lungs

Normal Body Temperature

skin, blood, muscles

Water

allows molecules to move through body

Normal Atmospheric Pressure

provides appropriate gas exchange between lungs and environment

Anatomical Position

body is straight with feet slightly apart and thumbs pointed away from the body

Directional terms

help anatomists compare the location of one body structure to another

Dorsal body cavity

- brain and spinal cord

- protected by membranes called the meninges

3 planes

transverse, frontal, median (sagittal)

Ventral Body Cavities

- thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

- protect the visceral organs

What are the ventral body cavities lined with?

double layer membrane called the serosa

Inner layer of the serosa

visceral serosa

Outer layer of the serosa

parietal serosa

What is in between the 2 layers of the serosa

serous fluid

First row of abdominal regions

Right Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left Hypochondriac

Second row of abdominal regions

Right Lumbar, Umbilical, Left Lumbar

Third row of abdominal regions

Right Iliac, Hypogastric, Left Iliac

Abdominal Quadrants

right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower

Muscular tissue

- movement of skeleton

- beating heart

- movement of food through digestive system

Connective Tissue

- makes up bone, cartilage, and blood; connects organs together

Nervous Tissue

- Conducts electrical impulses through the brain, spinal cord and nerves

Epithelial Tissue

- Makes up skin, lining of internal pathways, and glands

Nucleus

control center, contains genetic info

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

synthesizes proteins and ships them around the cell (can be smooth or rough)

Mitochondria

converts food into ATP

Golgi Apparatus

transports material around the cells in sacs called vesicles

Lysosomes

break down wastes

Centrioles

aid in cell division

Vacuoles

store nutrients and water

Where are the 46 chromosomes (made of DNA) in a cell contained?

nucleus

What is base pairing?

A always bonds with T and C always bonds with G

How is DNA shaped

twisted ladder (double helix)

What are the sides of the DNA ladder made of?

sugar and phosphate molecules

What are the rungs of DNA made of?

nitrogen bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine)

What codes for a protein?

a gene

2 major processes used to create proteins

transcription and translation

What is DNA used to code for?

All of the proteins required by the body

Transcription

- coverting DNA to mRNA

- A goes with U

Translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

Mitosis

- division in somatic body cells (chromosome and then cytoplasm)

- one parent make 2 identical daughter cells

Meiosis

- division in sex cells

- one parent cell make 4 different daughter cells

How does the cell membrane move material s in and out?

semi-permeable layer (only some substances can pass through)

Passive Transport

molecules go from high to low concentration, needs energy (ex: osmosis and diffusion)

Facilitated diffusion

larger molecules need to be helped across the membrane b channels made of protein

Active Transport

molecules from low to high concentration (require energy)

2 types of active transport

endocytosis "into cell" and exocytosis 'out of cell"

negative feedback loops

help the body maintain homeostasis by reducing changes in the body to bring it back into balance

positive feedback loops

continue to drive the body further away from its typical state (ex: childbirth)

stimulus

a signal to which an organism responds

receptor

protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response

control center of the body

brain

totipotent cells

can differentiate into any cell type