apush 1-6

Early inhabitants of the americas

Archeologists believe they came tens of thousands of years ago across the Bering Strait when ice covered the water between Asia and North America. Because they came at different times and because they settled in different areas, they became extremely diverse. Probably the earliest immigrants ended up farthest south.

impact of agriculture on the early societies

incas, natives, mayans, and aztecs had advanced agriculture, used corn to grow populations

early irrigation systems

pueblos in rio grande used irrigation to water crops

Iroquois Confederacy

powerful peace organization, used power for military alliances and organization skills

why did christian crusades lead to exploration

yearned for conquest and trade, wanted luxury goods (silk, drugs, perfume, spice)

who dominated the african coast for slave trade

Portuguese

Why did Columbus sail west?

because he thought that eastern Asia lay on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean

Columbian Exchange europe

Wheat, cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, smallpox, measles.

columbian exchange africa

slave labor

columbian exchange new world

gold, silver, corn, potatoes, pineapples, tomatoes, tobacco, syphilis

Effects of Exploration on Native Americans

New goods arrived, culture mix, Disease (small pox) kills 90% of population

Francisco Pizzaro

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas

Coronado

Discovered the Grand Canyon in search of the fabled Cities of Gold, found pueblo people

Marco Polo

Italian explorer who wrote about his travels to Central Asia and China.

Balboa

Spanish explorer who discovered the Pacific Ocean (1475-1519)

Cortez

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Magellan

First to circumnavigate the world

Ponce de Leon

Explored Florida looking for the Fountain of Youth

Encomienda System

spanish colonist given native slaves in promise to christianize them

impact of Hernando Cortez

created mestizos, formed cultural bridge, shrank population, introduced christianity

Impact of the defeat of the Spanish Armada

marks the end of Spanish control over the seas and rise of English Naval Power (English could now plant, supply, and protect colonies in North America)

Virginia Company

Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England.

what provides opportunity for colonization

1. patriotism, thirst for adventure
2. population growth
3. small enclosed farms
4. peace with spain
5. unemployment, search for religous freedom

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Purpose of Jamestown

find gold and establish england's claim

Life in Jamestown

Tough, Disease and Starvation

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

Virginia prosperity dependent on \_____

tobacco

Anglo-Powhatan Wars significance

Created the notion that colonists and Native Americans could not peacefully coexist and brought the Powhatan into extinction

House of Burgesses

1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.

1619 importance

arrival of 1st African slaves, planted seeds of slave system

Maryland

Founded by Lord Baltimore, safe haven for Catholics, labor force was black slaves

toleration acts

England, 1689. Gave freedom of worship to all Protestants (but not Catholics), as long as they swore an oath of allegiance. (maryland)

Headwright System

land offered to anyone willing to cross the Atlantic and settle in America; helped populate the colonies particularly Jamestown

carolinas

In 1663, King Charles II granted eight nobles the Carolinas. Split into 2 because land was too large

why was slave trade developed

small english farmers moved from west Indies and brought slaves and slave codes, inspired statue governing slavery through mainland

economy in carolinas based on

rice exports, slaves were skilled in this so they were valuable

North Carolina

founded by Virginians in 1653, most democratic colony

Rhode Island

founded as refuge for all religions by Roger Williams in 1776

Georgia

founded in 1773 by James Oglethorpe as buffer between colonies and Spanish florida

Calvinism

Heaven and hell was predetermined

Puritians

Protestant people that sought to rid COE of Roman Catholic practices

Seperatists

extreme puritans who separated from the Church of England

how did separatists come to the new world

went to holland then came to america as refusal for dutchification in 1608

Mayflower Compact

A simple agreement to form a crude government and to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon.

Impact of the Mayflower Compact

set precedent for later constitutions

moderate puritans set up

Massachusetts Bay Colony

1st governor of massachusetts bay colony

John Winthrop

life in Massachusetts Bay Colony

had to be a Puritan or you were forced out, set up the first public schools in towns with 100 families or more

Massachusetts Bay Colony economy

fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

New England Confederation

1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies.

Dominion of New England

created by royal authority, aimed to booster colonial defense in event of indian war and promote navigation laws

Edmund Andros

He was the royal governor of the Dominion of New England. Colonists resented his enforcement of the Navigation Acts and the attempt to abolish the colonial assembly.

Navigation Laws

1651, colonies only aloud to trade with British and their colonies

Glorious Revolution (1688)

The bloodless coup in 1688 in England when James II (a Catholic) gave up the throne and his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange (of the Netherlands) - both Protestants - replaced James II to reign jointly. No Catholic monarch has reigned in England since.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

what did middle colonies have in common

fertile soil, navigable rivers, diverse population, grain exports, democratic, religious tolerance

Dutch Contributions

1609- Henry Hudson- tried to find Northwest Passage- found Hudson River, Hudson Bay, helped establish New Netherlands(NYC)

Life in the Chesapeake region

Nasty, brutal, diseases (malaria dysentery and typhoid), most people didn't live to 20, focused on tobacco

where did planters turn for labor during tobacco room

indentured servants, slaves too expensive and natives died too quickly

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attemp to gain more land 1676

Impact of Bacon's Rebellion

grew slavery

why were indentured servants dwindling

rising wages in english, africans more skilled

middle passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

center of southern life

agriculture and plantations

Center of New England life

family

Women's roles in New England

child upbringing

Women's property rights

in south women gained property when husbands died, in new england women gave up all property rights when married

Salem Witch Trials

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

how did english view land differently than the indians

indians did not believe in owning land, english built roads and fences

Life in New England

valued religion, hard work, obedience, town life. came to believe in self-government, practiced subsistence farming, also grew wheat, had livestock. Fishing was the biggest market, huge lumber/shipbuilding industry, democratic

Life in Southern Colonies

Major economic activity was farming with large plantations. Farms grew crops such as: rice, tobacco, indigo, cotton, corn, wheat. Georgia was originally settled as a haven from debtors from English prisons. VA and NC was colonized by English. South Carolina had a larger mix of people: English, Scottish, French Protestants, Germans, and people from West Indies.

what caused a shift in the balance of power between colonies and england

population boom in colonies

what ethnicities made up american population

french huguenots, jews, african, germans, swish, dutch, scots irish and highlandrs

most important industry

agriculture

least important industry

manufacturing

triangle trade

colonies- sugar tobacco cotton

europe-rum, textiles, goods

africa- slave labor

Molasses Act of 1733

A British law that established a tax on imports of molasses, sugar, and rum from non-British colonies. The law was loosely enforced and New England imported great quantities of West Indian sugar for manufacturing rum. Example of mercantilism

Taverns

Popular colonial centers of recreation, gossip, and political debate

2 major denominations in america

1. COE, angelicas, property of king authority

2. congregational church, puritan roots

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established. Jonathan edwards

Zenger Case (1735)

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

in 1608, frances colony of \____ was established

quebec, lead by samuel de champlain

champlain entered into friendly relations with \_____

huron people

in new france (canda) why did population grow slowly

little economic motive to move

french covered many lands in search of

beaver furs

some \___ thought to save souls of indians

spanish

what did french found to gain control of mississippi mouth

new orleans

three main civilizations in north america

English, Spanish, French

King William's and Queen Anne's War

british fight french and their allies indians and spain, french wins

War of Jenkin's Ear (1739)

fought between english and spanish in caribbean and in georgia

War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)

turns into world war in england, new englanders invaded new france and captured louisbourg

Treaty of 1748 - Louisbourg

english gave louisbourg back to france, greatly angered colonists